Table 2.

Studies of predictive and prognostic markers, other than serum or plasma markers, for advanced HCC

	Authors	Treatment	Results
			Predictive markers	Prognostic markers	Others
Tumor characteristics
Phospho-ERK expression	Abou-Alfa et al. [71]	Sorafenib	High p-ERK → longer TTP	—
	Ozenne et al. [72]	Sorafenib	No predictive value	—
Phospho-c-Jun expression	Hagiwara et al. [73]	Sorafenib	Phospho-c-Jun expression → poor response, TTP	Phospho-c-Jun expression → poor OS
Functional imaging
DCE-MRI	Hsu et al. [75]	Sorafenib plus UFT	High baseline Ktrans or decreased Ktrans after treatment → DCR	Vascular responsea → better OS	Vascular responsea → better PFS
Positron emission tomography	Lee et al. [83]	Sorafenib	—	Low SUV → better OS	Low SUV → better PFS
Treatment side effects
Hypertension	Estfan et al. [87]	Sorafenib	Hypertension → better TTP (?)b	Hypertension → better OS
	Otsuka et al. [88]	Sorafenib	No predictive value	No prognostic value
Skin toxicity	Otsuka et al. [88]	Sorafenib	No predictive value	Skin toxicity → better OS
	Vincenzi et al. [89]	Sorafenib	Earlyc skin toxicitiy → better DCR and TTP	Early skin toxicity → better OSd

^adefined as ≥ 40% decrease in K^trans after treatment

^bstatistical values of the comparison not reported

^cwithin the first month of treatment

^dborderline statistical significance.