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Direct effects of GDF3 over-expression in frog embryos. GDF3 was injected with and without α-amanitin, which blocks protein translation. Embryos were harvested at stage 9 and analyzed for activation of BMP and Nodal signaling (Psmad1 and Psmad2, respectively). Stage 6 embryos are shown as a negative control for TGF-β activation, tubulin is shown as a loading control.
