Table 2.
Characteristics associated with use of ACE inhibitors among controls
| Current users* (N=433) |
Nonusers* (N=1589) |
|
|---|---|---|
| Characteristic† | n (%)† | N (%)† |
| Age, median (IQR) | 77 (71 – 81) | 77 (71 – 82) |
| Male | 255 (58.9) | 775 (48.8) |
| BMI, median (IQR)‡ | 28.2 (25.3 – 31.6) (N=317) |
27.0 (24.3 – 30.1) (N=1024) |
| Median weight (IQR), kg | 80.0 (67.7 – 90.9) | 75.0 (64.5 – 86.4) |
| Median height (IQR), cm‡ | 170 (160 – 178) (N=318) |
168 (158 – 175) (N=1029) |
| Current smoker | 21/420 (5.0) | 80/1552 (5.2) |
| Asthma | 42 (9.7) | 116 (7.3) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | 45 (10.4) | 167 (10.5) |
| Hospitalized for COPD | 2 (0.5) | 12 (0.8) |
| Home oxygen use | 6 (1.4) | 12 (0.8) |
| Long term oral corticosteroid use for lung disease |
1 (0.2) | 5 (0.3) |
| FEV1 ever measured | 21 (4.8) | 57 (3.6) |
| Congestive heart failure (CHF) | 54 (12.5) | 87 (5.5) |
| Hospitalized for CHF | 8 (1.8) | 8 (0.5) |
| Ejection fraction measured | 14 (3.2) | 21 (1.3) |
| Myocardial infarction | 80 (18.5) | 119 (7.5) |
| Coronary revascularization | 89 (20.6) | 135 (8.5) |
| Other heart conditions | 209 (48.3) | 431 (27.1) |
| Hypertension | 333 (76.9) | 616 (38.8) |
| Stroke | 50 (11.5) | 90 (5.7) |
| Swallowing disorder leading to aspiration | 1 (0.2) | 8 (0.5) |
| Alcoholism | 2 (0.5) | 20 (1.3) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 132 (30.5) | 168 (10.6) |
| Diabetes mellitus with complications | 76 (17.6) | 87 (5.5) |
| Dementia | 15 (3.5) | 53 (3.3) |
| At least one functional impairment | 65 (15.0) | 167 (10.5) |
| Requires assistance bathing | 4 (0.9) | 11 (0.7) |
| Requires assistance walking | 62 (14.3) | 159 (10.0) |
| Any use of home health services | 30 (6.9) | 95 (6.0) |
| Frail§ | 19 (4.4) | 39 (2.5) |
| Bronchodilator use║ | 10 (2.3) | 41 (2.6) |
| Furosemide use║ | 79 (18.2) | 127 (8.0) |
| Inhaled corticosteroid use║ | 46 (10.6) | 113 (7.1) |
| Insulin or oral hypoglycemic use║ | 93 (21.5) | 95 (6.0) |
| Oral corticosteroid use║ | 34 (7.9) | 157 (9.9) |
| Received pneumococcal vaccine¶ | 406 (93.8) | 1440 (90.6) |
| Received influenza vaccine** | 270 (62.4) | 975 (61.4) |
| Number of outpatient visits, median (IQR)†† | 10 (6 – 15) | 8 (5 – 13) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; IQR, interquartile range; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second.
Current use is defined as receiving ≥2 fills of an ACE inhibitor within 180 days prior to index date. Nonusers did not meet this criterion.
All characteristics are defined as of September 1, and the time period of interest is the 2 year baseline period unless otherwise stated. Except as stated below, all covariates were measured by manual review of medical records.
Less than 5% of cases and controls had missing values for all characteristics except for BMI, which was missing for 27% (116/433) of current users and 36% (565/1589) of nonusers, and height, missing for 27% (115/433) of current users and 35% (560/1589) of nonusers.
Ever described as frail by medical personnel (from chart review).
Defined from computerized pharmacy data as filling at least one prescription for a medication in this class during the 2 year baseline period.
Any history of receiving pneumococcal vaccine.
Receipt of the current year’s influenza vaccine prior to index date.
Number of visits in 1-year baseline, from GH automated utilization data.