Table 3.

Risk of community-acquired pneumonia in relation to use of ACE inhibitors

	Pneumonia Cases	Controls	Odds ratio (95% CI)
	(N=1,039)	(N=2,022)	Adjusted for matching variables†	Further adjusted‡
ACE inhibitor use*	n (%)	n (%)
Current user	242 (23.3)	433 (21.4)	1.12 (0.97, 1.29)	0.99 (0.83, 1.19)
Nonuser	797 (76.7)	1589 (78.6)	1.00 (Ref.)	1.00 (Ref.)

Abbreviations: CHF, congestive heart failure; CI, confidence interval; FEV₁, forced expiratory volume in 1 second.

^*Current use is defined as receiving ≥2 fills of an ACE inhibitor within 180 days prior to index date. Nonusers did not meet this criterion.

^†Adjusted only for age, sex, and index date.

^‡Adjusted for matching variables above and for asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and history of COPD hospitalization, use of home oxygen, long-term oral corticosteroid use for lung disease, whether FEV₁ was ever measured, presence of a swallowing disorder, congestive heart failure (CHF) and history of CHF hospitalization, whether ejection fraction was ever measured, smoking status, stroke, myocardial infarction, coronary revascularization, other heart conditions, hypertension, diabetes with or without complications, number of outpatient visits in 1-year baseline, receipt of pneumococcal influenza vaccine, need for assistance with ambulation or bathing, use of home health services, dementia, ever described as frail, and use of the following medications: inhaled bronchodilators, inhaled corticosteroids, oral corticosteroids, furosemide, digoxin, or insulin.