Table 2.

Summary of thrombotic microangiopathy case reports induced by interferon beta (IFNβ) therapy from literature review

Authors	Year	Age of patient	Indication of IFNβ-1a therapy	Duration of therapy	Clinical	Laboratory investigations	Treatment	Outcome
Ubara et al25	1998	66	HCV	44 days	HUS		Discontinuation of IFNβ	Remission
Herrera et al26	1999	N/A	MS	2 weeks	TTP		Discontinuation of IFNβ + plasmapheresis	Chronic kidney disease
Hansen et al23	2009	41	MS	Several years	Renal failure + SLE + APS	Antinuclear-antibodies and antiphospholipid positive	Discontinuation of IFNβ + plasmapheresis + steroids + mycophenolate mofetil	Chronic kidney disease
Broughton et al27	2011	53	MS	8 years	Renal failure + mild hypertension		Discontinuation of IFNβ + lisinopril	Chronic kidney disease
Olea et al28	2012	37	MS	5 months	Renal failure + severe hypertension		Discontinuation of IFNβ + steroids + enalapril + irbesartan	Remission

Abbreviations: APS, anti-phospholipid syndrome; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; HUS, hemolytic-uremic syndrome; MS, multiple sclerosis; TTP, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura; HCV, hepatitis C virus; N/A, not available.