Figure 3. Metabolomic analysis revealed an alteration in the intermediates of glycolysis, the TCA cycle, and amino acids.

Comprehensive metabolomic analysis revealed that levels of the upstream metabolites of phosphoglycerate mutase remained unchanged, while levels of the downstream metabolites, such as 2-phosphoglycerate and phosphoenolpyruvate, were increased. Lactate, the final metabolite of glycolysis, also remained unchanged. While metabolites of the first half of the TCA cycle, such as acetyl-CoA and cis-aconitate, were increased, those of the latter half, such as fumarate, were decreased (n = 5 for each group). The expressions of some genes involved in glycolysis and the TCA cycle, which are shown in Figure 4 or Figure 6, are also presented.