Table 1.

List of anesthetics known to induce tau hyperphosphorylation in vivo, either directly or indirectly.

ANESTHETICS	NAME	FAMILY	ADMINISTRATION	PRIMARY MECHANISM	USAGE
Isoflurane	1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether	Halogenated ether	Volatile	Not well understood. Binds to GABA, glutamate and glycine receptors	Maintenance of general anesthesia
Sevoflurane	1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2- (fluoromethoxy)propane	Halogenated ether	Volatile	Not well understood. Binds to GABA, glutamates and glycine receptors	Induction and maintenance of general anesthesia
Halothane	2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1- trifluorethane)	Halogenated ether	Volatile	Not well understood. Binds to GABA, glutamates and glycine receptors	Induction and maintenance of general anesthesia
Propofol	2,6-diisopropylphenol	Alkyl phenol	Intravenous	Potentiation of GABAA receptor activity	Induction and maintenance of general anesthesia Sedation for mechanical ventilation Procedural sedation
Pentobarbital	5-Ethyl-5-(1-methylbutyl)- 2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione	Barbiturate	Intravenous	Positive allosteric modulation of GABAA receptors, binding site is located in the Beta subunit. Also, targets glutamate, adenosine, and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors	Anesthetic in veterinary medicine
Dexmedetomidine	(S)-4-[1-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)ethyl]-3H-imidazole	α2-adrenergic receptor agonist	Intravenous	Agonist of α2-adrenergic receptors	Sedation without causing respiratory depression
Chloral hydrate	2,2,2-trichloroethane-1,1-diol	NA	Intravenous, oral	Enhances the GABA receptor complex.	Sedative, hypnotic drug