Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of the cells produced during the manual and automated cultures shown in Fig. 4. Graphs show the relative expression of (a) Rex-1, (b) Oct-4, and (c) Nanog, at passages 1, 5 and 8 using various bioprocess strategies: (i) manual, fixed split; (ii) manual, measured ICD; (iii) automated, fixed split and (iv) automated, measured ICD. Error bars represent 1 standard deviation about the mean (n = 3). PCR performed as described in Section 2.6.2.