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A plot of O/E ratios for paraplegia over time showing the effect of intervention. The incorporation of spinal fluid drainage (SFD) reduced paraplegia risk by about half. Low dose naloxone decreased the O/E ratio. Additional 30%, giving an 80-85% overall reduction in paralysis risk. Nonselective intercostal re-implantation (IRP) in high risk patients has added an additional 7-10% decrease for about a 90% reduction in paralysis risk overall
