Table 2.

A list of recent articles over the past 5 years utilizing individual MRI modalities to evaluate performance characteristics or to characterize prostate tissues. The table is divided into studies relevant to particular modalities (T2W, DW, DCE, or MRS imaging).

Authors	Study Design	No. of Patients	Magnetic Field strength (T)	Endorectal Coil	T2W	DW	DCE	MRS	Histopathologic Correlation	Findings
T2WI-Related Studies
Wang et al. (81)	Retrospective	74	1.5	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Whole-mount step sections	Higher Gleason grades are significantly associated with lower tumor-muscle signal intensity ratios on T2WI, showing potential utility for measuring prostate cancer aggressiveness.
Roebuck et al. (45)	Prospective	18	1.5	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Biopsy or RP specimen reports	T2 values are significantly shorter in prostate cancer compared to healthy tissue, showing that Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill quantitative T2 imaging may be useful for tissue discrimination.
DWI-Related Studies
Miao et al. (27)	Retrospective	37	3	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	Needle biopsy	At 3T, DWI was significantly more accurate than T2WI at detecting prostate cancer.
Oto et al. (83)	Retrospective	49	1.5	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Step sections	ADC values significantly discriminate between CG prostate cancer, stromal hyperplasia, and glandular hyperplasia. Ktrans improved performance characteristics when added to ADC in ROC analysis without significantly improving AUC.
Hambrock et al. (10)	Retrospective	51	3	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Whole-mount step sections	At 3T, PZ prostate cancer Gleason grade is significantly inversely correlated to ADC values.
Turkbey et al. (84)	Retrospective	48	3	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Needle biopsy	At 3T, a significant, negative correlation between ADC and both Gleason score and D'Amico clinical risk score is observable.
Zelhof et al. (85)	Prospective	36	3	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	Whole-mount step sections	There is a significant correlation between ADC values and cell density, regardless of tissue type.
Kim et al. (28)	Retrospective	48	3	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	Step sections	At 3T, high b-value DWI was able to improve the performance of ADC accuracy in predicting prostate cancer. DWI using a b value of 1000 s/mm2 is more accurate in predicting cancer than at 2000 s/mm2.
Metens et al. (29)	Retrospective	41	3	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	Needle biopsy	At 3T, b values of 1500 s/mm2 and 2000 s/mm2 best depict prostate cancer lesions. The highest contrast-to-noise ratio was significantly obtained at b = 1500 s/mm2.
DCE-Related Studies
Ocak et al.(86)	Prospective	50	3	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	Needle biopsy	Specificity for prostate cancer detection in the PZ is improved with PK data from DCE, especially Ktrans and kep, as compared to T2WI alone.
Girouin et al.(87)	Retrospective	46	1.5	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Whole-mount step section	Morphologic DCE imaging is significantly more sensitive, but significantly less specific, than T2WI for tumor localization in pelvic phased-array coil-only MRI.
Scherr et al. (88)	Retrospective	27	1.5	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Needle biopsy or whole-mount	DCE imaging using quantitative MR perfusion parameters discriminated PZ prostate cancer and benign tissue significantly with several DCE parameters. However, discrimination between prostate cancer and TZ was not reliable.
Zelhof et al.(23)	Prospective	52	3	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Whole-mount	In DCE imaging, finding the maximum enhancement index (MaxEI) and final slope of the signal intensity change combined for good performance characteristics for detecting malignancy. MaxEI was significantly different in malignant compared to benign lesions.
Franiel et al. (89)	Prospective	35	1.5	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	Selected blocks (partial review)	Blood flow provided significant discrimination between those with prostate cancer, chronic prostatitis, and normal tissue. Blood volume and interstitial volume are not significantly associated with these tissue types.
Franiel et al. (90)	Prospective	53	1.5	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	Serial sections	Using DCE for prostate cancer vs. normal tissue differentiation, the use of perfusion from an entire region is superior to using perfusion or blood volume in MRI “hotspots.”
MRS Imaging-Related Studies
Giusti et al. (91)	Retrospective	52	1.5	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Whole-mount step sections	The (Cho+Cr)/Cit ratio significantly correlates to pathologic Gleason score. MRSI added significantly to T2WI alone for performance, including sensitivity and accuracy.
Scheenen et al.(92)	Prospective	109	1.5	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Whole-mount or in quadrants	3D MRSI is valuable for significantly discriminating between benign tissue and cancer using the (Cho+Cr)/Cit ratio in the PZ and CG.
Kobus et al.(93)	Retrospective	43	3	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Serial sections	The MRS imaging measurements of maximum (Cho+Cr)/Cit, Cho/Cr, and standardized malignancy ratings incorporating these two ratios were all significantly associated with tumor grade.
Scheenen et al.(24)	Prospective	45	3	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	Serial sections	3D MRSI using only external surface coils can be used to significantly differentiate healthy tissue from prostate cancer in both the PZ and CG.
Yakar et al. (30)	Prospective	18	3	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Serial sections	Using an endorectal coil at 3T for MRSI localization of prostate cancer, performance is significantly increased vs. using only external body coils.