T2WI-Related Studies |
Wang et al. (81) |
Retrospective |
74 |
1.5 |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
No |
No |
Whole-mount step sections |
Higher Gleason grades are significantly associated with lower tumor-muscle signal intensity ratios on T2WI, showing potential utility for measuring prostate cancer aggressiveness. |
Roebuck et al. (45) |
Prospective |
18 |
1.5 |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
No |
No |
Biopsy or RP specimen reports |
T2 values are significantly shorter in prostate cancer compared to healthy tissue, showing that Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill quantitative T2 imaging may be useful for tissue discrimination. |
DWI-Related Studies |
Miao et al. (27) |
Retrospective |
37 |
3 |
No |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
No |
Needle biopsy |
At 3T, DWI was significantly more accurate than T2WI at detecting prostate cancer. |
Oto et al. (83) |
Retrospective |
49 |
1.5 |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
Step sections |
ADC values significantly discriminate between CG prostate cancer, stromal hyperplasia, and glandular hyperplasia. Ktrans improved performance characteristics when added to ADC in ROC analysis without significantly improving AUC. |
Hambrock et al. (10) |
Retrospective |
51 |
3 |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
No |
Whole-mount step sections |
At 3T, PZ prostate cancer Gleason grade is significantly inversely correlated to ADC values. |
Turkbey et al. (84) |
Retrospective |
48 |
3 |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
No |
Needle biopsy |
At 3T, a significant, negative correlation between ADC and both Gleason score and D'Amico clinical risk score is observable. |
Zelhof et al. (85) |
Prospective |
36 |
3 |
No |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
No |
Whole-mount step sections |
There is a significant correlation between ADC values and cell density, regardless of tissue type. |
Kim et al. (28) |
Retrospective |
48 |
3 |
No |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
No |
Step sections |
At 3T, high b-value DWI was able to improve the performance of ADC accuracy in predicting prostate cancer. DWI using a b value of 1000 s/mm2 is more accurate in predicting cancer than at 2000 s/mm2. |
Metens et al. (29) |
Retrospective |
41 |
3 |
No |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
No |
Needle biopsy |
At 3T, b values of 1500 s/mm2 and 2000 s/mm2 best depict prostate cancer lesions. The highest contrast-to-noise ratio was significantly obtained at b = 1500 s/mm2. |
DCE-Related Studies |
Ocak et al.(86) |
Prospective |
50 |
3 |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
Yes |
No |
Needle biopsy |
Specificity for prostate cancer detection in the PZ is improved with PK data from DCE, especially Ktrans and kep, as compared to T2WI alone. |
Girouin et al.(87) |
Retrospective |
46 |
1.5 |
No |
Yes |
No |
Yes |
No |
Whole-mount step section |
Morphologic DCE imaging is significantly more sensitive, but significantly less specific, than T2WI for tumor localization in pelvic phased-array coil-only MRI. |
Scherr et al. (88) |
Retrospective |
27 |
1.5 |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Needle biopsy or whole-mount |
DCE imaging using quantitative MR perfusion parameters discriminated PZ prostate cancer and benign tissue significantly with several DCE parameters. However, discrimination between prostate cancer and TZ was not reliable. |
Zelhof et al.(23) |
Prospective |
52 |
3 |
No |
Yes |
No |
Yes |
No |
Whole-mount |
In DCE imaging, finding the maximum enhancement index (MaxEI) and final slope of the signal intensity change combined for good performance characteristics for detecting malignancy. MaxEI was significantly different in malignant compared to benign lesions. |
Franiel et al. (89) |
Prospective |
35 |
1.5 |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
Yes |
No |
Selected blocks (partial review) |
Blood flow provided significant discrimination between those with prostate cancer, chronic prostatitis, and normal tissue. Blood volume and interstitial volume are not significantly associated with these tissue types. |
Franiel et al. (90) |
Prospective |
53 |
1.5 |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
Yes |
No |
Serial sections |
Using DCE for prostate cancer vs. normal tissue differentiation, the use of perfusion from an entire region is superior to using perfusion or blood volume in MRI “hotspots.” |
MRS Imaging-Related Studies |
Giusti et al. (91) |
Retrospective |
52 |
1.5 |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
No |
Yes |
Whole-mount step sections |
The (Cho+Cr)/Cit ratio significantly correlates to pathologic Gleason score. MRSI added significantly to T2WI alone for performance, including sensitivity and accuracy. |
Scheenen et al.(92) |
Prospective |
109 |
1.5 |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
No |
Yes |
Whole-mount or in quadrants |
3D MRSI is valuable for significantly discriminating between benign tissue and cancer using the (Cho+Cr)/Cit ratio in the PZ and CG. |
Kobus et al.(93) |
Retrospective |
43 |
3 |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
No |
Yes |
Serial sections |
The MRS imaging measurements of maximum (Cho+Cr)/Cit, Cho/Cr, and standardized malignancy ratings incorporating these two ratios were all significantly associated with tumor grade. |
Scheenen et al.(24) |
Prospective |
45 |
3 |
No |
Yes |
No |
No |
Yes |
Serial sections |
3D MRSI using only external surface coils can be used to significantly differentiate healthy tissue from prostate cancer in both the PZ and CG. |
Yakar et al. (30) |
Prospective |
18 |
3 |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
No |
Yes |
Serial sections |
Using an endorectal coil at 3T for MRSI localization of prostate cancer, performance is significantly increased vs. using only external body coils. |