Haider et al. (94) |
Prospective |
49 |
1.5 |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
No |
Whole-mount |
In the PZ, accuracy is significantly higher for T2WI+DWI compared to T2WI alone. Including the whole prostate, sensitivity was significantly higher for the combined method compared to T2WI alone. |
Lim et al. (95) |
Retrospective |
52 |
1.5 |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
No |
Step sections |
ADC maps+ T2WI combined significantly improves performance (sensitivity and accuracy) of MR detection of prostate cancer over T2WI alone. |
Mazaheri et al. (96) |
Retrospective |
42 |
1.5 |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
No |
Whole-mount step sections |
T2WI + DWI significantly improves the accuracy of PZ tumor volume measurement over T2WI alone. |
Vargas et al. (97) |
Retrospective |
51 |
3 |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
No |
Whole-mount step sections |
The accuracy of T2WI alone and ADC maps +T2WI were similar for tumor detection. Also, a lower mean ADC was significantly correlated to a higher tumor Gleason score. |
Futterer et al.(98) |
Prospective |
34 |
1.5 |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
Yes |
Yes |
Whole-mount step sections |
The use of DCE+MRSI is significantly better for reader accuracy of tumor localization than T2WI alone. Also, the accuracy of DCE is significantly greater than MRSI for tumor localization. |
Turkbey et al. (21) |
Prospective |
70 |
3 |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
Yes |
Yes |
Whole-mount sections |
T2W, DCE, and MRS imaging at 3T each provide significant and additive predictive value for prostate cancer detection in the PZ. |
Kitajima et al. (26) |
Retrospective |
53 |
3 |
No |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
Needle biopsy |
There was a significant increase in the performance characteristics of cancer detection for both T2WI+DWI and T2WI+DWI+DCE imaging compared to T2WI alone. |
Delongchamps et al. (99) |
Prospective |
57 |
1.5 |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
Whole-mount |
For accurate PZ tumor detection, T2WI+DWI, T2WI+DCE, and all three imaging modalities combined were significantly greater than for T2WI alone. T2WI+DWI was significantly greater than T2WI+DCE imaging and all three sequences combined for accuracy. |
Turkbey et al. (100) |
Prospective |
45 |
3 |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Whole-mount sections |
PPVs of mpMRI detection of prostate cancer in the overall prostate, PZ, and CG were 98%, 98%, and 100%, respectively. |
Delongchamps et al. (101) |
Prospective |
58 |
1.5 |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
Whole-mount sections |
For low-risk patients, PZ tumor detection is significantly better with T2WI+DWI+DCE than with either T2WI+DWI or T2WI alone. In the TZ, T2WI+DWI performed significantly better than T2WI alone, while other combinations were not significantly different. |
Weinreb et al. (60) |
Prospective |
110 |
1.5 |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
No |
Yes |
Whole-mount or standard blocks |
PZ prostate cancer localization accuracy is equal for T2WI+MRSI and T2WI alone using 1.5 T erMRI. |
Casciani et al. (102) |
Retrospective |
70 |
1.5 |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
No |
Yes |
Serial sections or needle biopsy |
There is an incremental benefit of adding MRSI to T2WI but without a statistical significance being shown. |
Mazaheri et al. (103) |
Retrospective |
38 |
1.5 |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
Yes |
Whole-mount step sections |
For discriminating between cancerous and benign regions in the PZ, a combination of ADC and mean metabolic ratio (MET) performs significantly better than MET alone (but not ADC alone). |
Langer et al. (104) |
Prospective |
25 |
1.5 |
Yes |
Yes* |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
Whole-mount sections |
Combined quantitative T2WI+DWI+DCE imaging measures were significantly more accurate than any individual measure except for ADC for identifying PZ prostate cancer. |
Langer et al.(40) |
Retrospective (as part of an ongoing prospective study) |
24 |
1.5 |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
Whole-mount |
All MR parameters were significantly different between prostate cancer and normal PZ. ADC, T2, Ktrans, and ve all had significant correlations to specific histologic components. |
Gibbs et al. (25) |
Prospective |
20 |
3 |
No |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
No |
Whole-mount |
ADC and T2 are significantly negatively correlated with cell density. |
Langer et al.(41) |
Retrospective |
18 |
1.5 |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
No |
Whole-mount |
Sparse prostate tumors have similar ADC and T2 values compared to normal PZ tissue, in contrast to dense tumors, where significantly lower T2 values and ADCs are found. As a result, MRI detection in prostate cancer using ADC and T2 values may be limited. |