Table 3.

A list of recent articles over the past 5 years illustrating the performance characteristics of multiparametric imaging using different combinations of T2W, DW, DCE, and MRS imaging.

Authors	Study Design	No. of Patients		Magnetic Field strength (T)	Endorectal Coil	T2W	DW	DCE	MRS	Histopathologic Correlation	Findings
Haider et al. (94)	Prospective		49	1.5	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Whole-mount	In the PZ, accuracy is significantly higher for T2WI+DWI compared to T2WI alone. Including the whole prostate, sensitivity was significantly higher for the combined method compared to T2WI alone.
Lim et al. (95)	Retrospective		52	1.5	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Step sections	ADC maps+ T2WI combined significantly improves performance (sensitivity and accuracy) of MR detection of prostate cancer over T2WI alone.
Mazaheri et al. (96)	Retrospective		42	1.5	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Whole-mount step sections	T2WI + DWI significantly improves the accuracy of PZ tumor volume measurement over T2WI alone.
Vargas et al. (97)	Retrospective		51	3	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Whole-mount step sections	The accuracy of T2WI alone and ADC maps +T2WI were similar for tumor detection. Also, a lower mean ADC was significantly correlated to a higher tumor Gleason score.
Futterer et al.(98)	Prospective		34	1.5	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Whole-mount step sections	The use of DCE+MRSI is significantly better for reader accuracy of tumor localization than T2WI alone. Also, the accuracy of DCE is significantly greater than MRSI for tumor localization.
Turkbey et al. (21)	Prospective		70	3	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Whole-mount sections	T2W, DCE, and MRS imaging at 3T each provide significant and additive predictive value for prostate cancer detection in the PZ.
Kitajima et al. (26)	Retrospective		53	3	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Needle biopsy	There was a significant increase in the performance characteristics of cancer detection for both T2WI+DWI and T2WI+DWI+DCE imaging compared to T2WI alone.
Delongchamps et al. (99)	Prospective		57	1.5	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Whole-mount	For accurate PZ tumor detection, T2WI+DWI, T2WI+DCE, and all three imaging modalities combined were significantly greater than for T2WI alone. T2WI+DWI was significantly greater than T2WI+DCE imaging and all three sequences combined for accuracy.
Turkbey et al. (100)	Prospective		45	3	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Whole-mount sections	PPVs of mpMRI detection of prostate cancer in the overall prostate, PZ, and CG were 98%, 98%, and 100%, respectively.
Delongchamps et al. (101)	Prospective		58	1.5	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Whole-mount sections	For low-risk patients, PZ tumor detection is significantly better with T2WI+DWI+DCE than with either T2WI+DWI or T2WI alone. In the TZ, T2WI+DWI performed significantly better than T2WI alone, while other combinations were not significantly different.
Weinreb et al. (60)	Prospective		110	1.5	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Whole-mount or standard blocks	PZ prostate cancer localization accuracy is equal for T2WI+MRSI and T2WI alone using 1.5 T erMRI.
Casciani et al. (102)	Retrospective		70	1.5	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Serial sections or needle biopsy	There is an incremental benefit of adding MRSI to T2WI but without a statistical significance being shown.
Mazaheri et al. (103)	Retrospective		38	1.5	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Whole-mount step sections	For discriminating between cancerous and benign regions in the PZ, a combination of ADC and mean metabolic ratio (MET) performs significantly better than MET alone (but not ADC alone).
Langer et al. (104)	Prospective		25	1.5	Yes	Yes*	Yes	Yes	No	Whole-mount sections	Combined quantitative T2WI+DWI+DCE imaging measures were significantly more accurate than any individual measure except for ADC for identifying PZ prostate cancer.
Langer et al.(40)	Retrospective (as part of an ongoing prospective study)		24	1.5	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Whole-mount	All MR parameters were significantly different between prostate cancer and normal PZ. ADC, T2, Ktrans, and ve all had significant correlations to specific histologic components.
Gibbs et al. (25)	Prospective		20	3	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	Whole-mount	ADC and T2 are significantly negatively correlated with cell density.
Langer et al.(41)	Retrospective		18	1.5	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Whole-mount	Sparse prostate tumors have similar ADC and T2 values compared to normal PZ tissue, in contrast to dense tumors, where significantly lower T2 values and ADCs are found. As a result, MRI detection in prostate cancer using ADC and T2 values may be limited.