Table 2.
Means and Standard Deviations of Stereotype Threat Constructs and Control Variables, by Race, with Stereotype Threat Constructs Represented as Summed Indexes of Their Respective Indicators and Control Variables1
| Black | Hispanic | White | % Missing (black/Hispanic respondents) | % Missing (white respondents) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Constructs of Stereotype Threat | Mean | Stnd. Dev. | Mean | Stnd. Dev. | Mean | Stnd. Dev. | ||
| Internalization (INT) | 7.57 | 2.37 | 7.61 | 2.45 | 7.97 | 2.01 | ||
| Own group’s intelligence (0–6) | 2.40 | 1.00 | 2.64 | 1.03 | 2.57 | 0.86 | 0.03 | 0.01 |
| Own group is hard working (0–6) | 2.56 | 1.12 | 2.43 | 1.15 | 2.72 | 0.82 | 0.02 | 0.01 |
| Own group perseveres (0–6) | 2.61 | 1.14 | 2.54 | 1.07 | 2.68 | 0.95 | 0.04 | 0.02 |
| Externalization (EXT) | 26.57 | 6.70 | 23.46 | 6.24 | 22.81 | 5.91 | ||
| Whites treat other races equally or discriminate (0–10) | 6.90 | 2.17 | 5.98 | 2.17 | 5.94 | 1.90 | 0.02 | 0.01 |
| Asians treat other races equally or discriminate (0–10) | 5.77 | 2.38 | 5.07 | 2.26 | 4.93 | 1.97 | 0.03 | 0.01 |
| Instructors’ stereotypes do not affect evaluations of members of stereotyped groups (0–10)2 | 6.87 | 2.84 | 6.04 | 2.84 | 5.74 | 2.83 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Students’ stereotypes do not affect evaluations of members of stereotyped groups (0–10)2 | 7.03 | 2.69 | 6.37 | 2.56 | 6.21 | 2.50 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Academic Effort (EFF) | 18.06 | 3.68 | 18.13 | 3.75 | 17.64 | 3.52 | ||
| Average Number of Hours Studied in a 7 day Week/10 (0–12) | 2.72 | 1.54 | 2.86 | 1.56 | 2.65 | 1.47 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Importance of learning course material (0–10) | 8.35 | 1.90 | 8.39 | 1.71 | 8.08 | 1.57 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Self-reported [academic] effort during past year of college (0–10) | 7.00 | 1.83 | 6.87 | 1.86 | 6.91 | 1.79 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Academic Performance Burden (APB) | 24.91 | 9.46 | 21.40 | 9.89 | 17.17 | 8.22 | ||
| Instructors think less of me for having difficulty in class (0–10) | 2.29 | 2.54 | 2.46 | 2.44 | 2.38 | 2.14 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Excelling academically reflects positively on my racial/ethnic group (0–10) | 6.77 | 3.03 | 5.62 | 3.22 | 3.77 | 2.96 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Doing poorly academically reflects negatively on my racial/ethnic group (0–10) | 5.84 | 3.17 | 4.60 | 3.18 | 2.95 | 2.63 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| I don’t want to look foolish or stupid in class (0–10) | 5.60 | 3.14 | 5.21 | 2.90 | 5.36 | 2.57 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| If I don’t do well, people will look down on others like me (0–10) | 4.40 | 2.97 | 3.51 | 2.71 | 2.71 | 2.29 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Academic Performance (GPA) | ||||||||
| Average Second and Third Semester GPA | 2.98 | 0.47 | 3.10 | 0.49 | 3.34 | 0.42 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Control Variables | ||||||||
| Demographic (DEM) | ||||||||
| Male | 0.36 | 0.48 | 0.42 | 0.49 | 0.49 | 0.50 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Intact Family | 0.52 | 0.50 | 0.66 | 0.47 | 0.81 | 0.39 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Avg. # Dependents (0–18yrs) at ages 6, 13, 18 | 2.18 | 0.89 | 2.18 | 0.89 | 2.14 | 0.78 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| First Generation Immigrant | 0.08 | 0.26 | 0.20 | 0.40 | 0.05 | 0.21 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Second Generation Immigrant | 0.18 | 0.38 | 0.48 | 0.50 | 0.09 | 0.29 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Socio-Economic Status (SES) | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||||
| One parent has B.A. (or equivalent) | 0.16 | 0.37 | 0.16 | 0.37 | 0.08 | 0.28 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Two parents have B.A. (or equivalent) | 0.12 | 0.32 | 0.11 | 0.32 | 0.16 | 0.36 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| One parent has Advanced Degree | 0.23 | 0.42 | 0.25 | 0.43 | 0.35 | 0.48 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Two parents have Advanced Degree | 0.15 | 0.36 | 0.16 | 0.36 | 0.30 | 0.46 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| % of college paid for by family (%/10) | 0.39 | 0.36 | 0.48 | 0.38 | 0.69 | 0.33 | 0.04 | 0.02 |
| Average Hours of Work for Pay During First Two Years of College (/10) | 0.69 | 0.97 | 0.62 | 0.86 | 0.36 | 0.71 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Index of Racial Ingroup Exposure (IEX) | 15.17 | 6.08 | 10.10 | 6.16 | - | - | ||
| Strength of ingroup racial identity (0–10) | 2.25 | 0.91 | 1.70 | 0.90 | - | - | 0.02 | - |
| Percent of same-race friends growing up (%/10) | 5.71 | 3.43 | 2.72 | 3.06 | - | - | 0.00 | - |
| Percent black or Hispanic neighborhood composition growing up (%/10) | 4.91 | 2.83 | 3.84 | 3.02 | - | - | 0.05 | - |
| Social distance from whites growing up (0–10, reverse-coded) | 2.29 | 0.82 | 1.84 | 0.86 | - | - | 0.00 | - |
| Academic Preparation (DAP) | ||||||||
| Number of AP Courses Taken | 2.59 | 1.92 | 3.19 | 2.13 | 3.55 | 2.09 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| High School GPA (0–4) | 3.57 | 0.36 | 3.71 | 0.32 | 3.79 | 0.26 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Self-rated preparation level (0–10) | 5.57 | 1.65 | 5.51 | 1.67 | 5.50 | 1.56 | 0.05 | 0.02 |
| N | 833 | 736 | 814 | |||||
NOTE: Standard deviations in parentheses. Descriptive statistics based on sample resulting after list-wise deletion.
1
Means of each construct of stereotype threat and the index of racial ingroup exposure (IEX) are shown as indexes based on sums of their respective indicators.
2
This item was reverse-coded to accurately reflect its negativelyl valenced properties in comparison to the other items in the externalization construct.