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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Aug 13.
Published in final edited form as: Soc Sci Res. 2011 Jan;40(1):150–166. doi: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2010.09.010

Table 5.

Comparison of Structural Equation Model (SEM) and Path Analysis Results Showing Relationships Between Internalization, Externalization, Disidentification, Academic Performance Burden and Academic Performance with and without Racial Exposure Control Measures, by Race

Standardized Coefficients
(1) (2) (3)
SEM: Latent Variables with Multiple Indicators for Each Stereotype Threat Construct Full SEM: Latent Variables with Multiple Indicators for Each Stereotype Threat Construct2 Path Analysis: Summed Indices for Stereotype Threat Constructs
White Black Hispanic Black Hispanic Black Hispanic
Structural Parameters for Paths Between Constructs1
Internalization → Academic Effort (EFF) −0.14** −0.17** −0.19** −0.18** −0.21*** −0.09** −0.15***
(0.05) (0.06) (0.06) (0.06) (0.06) (0.03) (0.03)
Academic Effort (EFF) → Academic Performance (GPA) 0.27*** 0.15** 0.32*** 0.17*** 0.36*** 0.09** 0.20***
(0.04) (0.05) (0.05) (0.05) (0.05) (0.03) (0.04)
Internalization →Academic Performance (GPA) 0.12** 0.10* 0.14** 0.11* 0.17** 0.07* 0.09**
(0.05) (0.04) (0.05) (0.05) (0.05) (0.03) (0.04)
Externalization →Academic Performance Burden (APB) 0.04 0.13* 0.05* 0.08* 0.03* 0.03 0.06
(0.05) (0.06) (0.02) (0.04) (0.01) (0.03) (0.04)
APB →Academic Performance (GPA) 0.02 −0.05* −0.03* −0.06* −0.03* −0.03 −0.02
(0.04) (0.02) (0.01) (0.02) (0.01) (0.03) (0.03)
Externalization → Academic Performance (GPA) −0.04 −0.01 −0.03 −0.03 −0.07 −0.08* −0.05
(0.05) (0.04) (0.05) (0.05) (0.05) (0.03) (0.03)
Internalization with Externalization 0.31*** 0.23*** 0.39*** 0.23 0.37 0.10** 0.15***
(0.06) (0.06) (0.06) (0.13) (0.20) (0.03) (0.04)
Academic Effort (EFF) with Academic Performance Burden (APB) 0.08** 0.13* 0.04 0.16 0.04 0.10** 0.05
(0.05) (0.06) (0.05) (0.10) (0.06) (0.03) (0.04)
Measures of Ingroup Exposure3 - - - X X X X
N (by race) 853 918 792 918 792 918 792
N (total sample, by model) 2563 1710 1710
Chi-squared (d.f.) 4563.05(2400)*** 2421.06(1289)*** 29.64(8)***
RMSEA 0.03 0.03 0.05
CFI 0.85 0.91 0.81
*

Significant at .05,

**

Significant at .01,

***

Significant at .001; one tailed test.

NOTE: Reporting Standardized coefficients from sample resulting from multiple imputation of five datasets. Standard errors in parentheses. Models include institution-level fixed effects.

1

Structural residual error correlations are estimated between internalization and externalization and between academic performance burden and disidentification. Measurement error correlations are estimated between indicators v6 and v7 and v10 and v11 (See Table 1 for list of variables by number).

2

Factor loadings for the indicators of each construct of steretoype threat in this full model are shown in Appendix B.

3

Measures of Ingroup Exposure (IEX) include: Strength of racial ingroup identity (0–10), social distance from whites growing up (0–10), percent of friends of same race as respondent while growing up (scaled 0–10), and percent black or Hispanic neighborhood composition growing up (scaled 0–10). IEX measures reported in Appendix A.