Stereotype Threat and College Academic Performance: A Latent Variables Approach

. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Aug 13.

Published in final edited form as: Soc Sci Res. 2011 Jan;40(1):150–166. doi: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2010.09.010

Standardized Coefficients
Missing on Variable Number:²
Structural Parameters for Paths Between Constructs¹		1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15
Structural Parameters for Paths Between Constructs¹		B	B	B	B	B	B	B	B	B	B	B	B	B	B	B
Internalization → Academic Effort (EFF)	Black	−0.16^*	−0.18^**	−0.23^**	−0.18^**	−0.18^**	−0.19^**	−0.19^**	−0.21^**	−0.11^*	−0.15^*	−0.15^*	−0.15^*	−0.15^*	−0.13^*	−0.17^*
	Black	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.07)	(0.05)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.06)	(0.07)	(0.06)	(0.08)
	Hispanic	−0.20^**	−0.20^**	−0.26^***	_0.24^***	_0.24^***	.0.24^***	.0.24^***	−0.16^*	−0.20^*	.0.33^***	.0.33^***	.0.33^***	.0.33^***	.0.34^***	.0.33^***
	Hispanic	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.09)	(0.08)	(0.08)	(0.08)	(0.08)	(0.07)	(0.08)
Academic Effort (EFF) → Academic Performance (GPA)	Black	0.18^***	0.18^**	0.19^***	0.18^**	0.18^**	0.18^***	0.18^**	0.19^**	0.15^*	0.19^*	0.16^*	0.17^*	0.19^*	0.14^*	0.19^*
	Black	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.08)	(0.69)	(0.08)	(0.09)	(0.07)	(0.09)
	Hispanic	0.32^***	0.32^***	0.34^***	0.34^***	0.34^***	0.33^***	0.33^***	0.33^***	0.22^*	0.24^*	0.23^*	0.22^*	0.23^*	0.25^*	0.23^*
	Hispanic	(0.05)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.08)	(0.12)	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.11)	(0.12)	(0.10)
Internalization → Academic Performance (GPA)	Black	0.14^*	0.10^*	0.13^*	0.11	0.11	0.11^*	0.11^*	0.12^*	0.09	0.11^*	0.10^*	0.10^*	0.11^*	0.11^*	0.11^*
	Black	(0.06)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.05)	(0.04)	(0.05)	(0.06)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)
	Hispanic	0.15^*	0.16^**	0.18^**	0.08	0.08	0.18^**	0.18^**	0.15^*	0.13	0.18^*	0.17^*	0.17^*	0.17^*	0.18^*	0.17^*
	Hispanic	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.21)	(0.21)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.06)	(0.09)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)
Externalization → Academic Performance Burden (APB)	Black	0.07^*	0.08^*	0.08^*	0.23^*	0.23^*	0.08^*	0.08^*	0.07^*	0.07^*	0.08^*	0.10^*	0.05	0.06^*	0.10^*	0.06^*
	Black	(0.03)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.05)	(0.02)	(0.05)	(0.02)
	Hispanic	0.05^*	0.02^*	0.01^*	0.03^*	0.03^*	0.01^*	0.02^*	0.02^*	0.01	0.01^*	0.05^*	0.04^*	0.04^*	0.05^*	0.04^*
	Hispanic	(0.02)	(0.01)	(0.00)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.00)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.02)	(0.01)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.01)
APB → Academic Performance (GPA)	Black	−0.06^*	−0.06^*	−0.07^*	−0.07^*	−0.07^*	−0.07^*	−0.06^*	−0.07^*	−0.05^*	−0.08^*	−0.03^*	−0.07^*	−0.09^*	−0.01^*	−0.09^*
	Black	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.02)	(0.04)	(0.01)	(0.03)	(0.04)	(0.00)	(0.04)
	Hispanic	−0.02^*	−0.02^*	−0.03^*	−0.03^*	−0.03^*	−0.03^*	−0.03^*	−0.02^*	−0.01^*	−0.03^*	−0.03^*	−0.03	−0.04^*	−0.02^*	−0.04^*
	Hispanic	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.00)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.04)	(0.02)	(0.00)	(0.02)
Externalization → Academic Performance (GPA)	Black	−0.03	−0.02	−0.02	−0.04	−0.04	−0.03	−0.03	−0.03	−0.02	−0.03	−0.03	−0.03	−0.03	−0.03	−0.03
	Black	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.30)	(0.30)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)
	Hispanic	−0.08	−0.08^*	−0.07	0.07	0.072	−0.07	−0.08	−0.07	−0.07	−0.08	−0.08	−0.08	−0.08	−0.08	−0.08
	Hispanic	(0.06)	(0.03)	(0.05)	(0.38)	(0.38)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)
Internalization with Externalization	Black	0.21	0.235	0.2	0.474	0.474	0.22	0.21	0.22	0.2	0.22	0.22	0.22^*	0.22	0.22	0.22
	Black	(0.16)	(0.17)	(0.11)	(0.30)	(0.30)	(0.12)	(0.11)	(0.16)	(0.12)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.09)	(0.11)	(0.13)	(0.13)
	Hispanic	0.45	0.40	0.29	0.46	0.46	0.36	0.35	0.36	0.31	0.347	0.35^***	0.34^*	0.34	0.32	0.34^*
	Hispanic	(0.26)	(0.23)	(0.15)	(0.28)	(0.31)	(0.20)	(0.19)	(0.21)	(0.11)	(0.20)	(0.06)	(0.15)	(0.18)	(0.19)	(0.14)
Academic Effort (EFF) with Academic Performance Burden (APB)	Black	0.16	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.16	0.13	0.26	0.18	0.22^*	0.26^*	0.13	0.26
	Black	(0.08)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.16)	(0.16)	(0.13)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.07)	(0.17)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.12)	(0.09)	(0.18)
	Hispanic	0.04	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.048	0.03	−0.02	0.12	0.11	0.06	0.07	0.11	0.07
	Hispanic	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.08)	(0.06)	(0.10)	(0.09)	(0.08)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)
Chi-squared (d.f.)		2085.94 (1053)^***	2094.54 (1053)^***	2093.19 (1053)^***	2317.35 (1053)^***	1999.38 (1053)^***	2116.18 (1052)^***	2101.42 (1052)^***	2317.35 (1053)^***	2641.06 (1053)^***	1999.38 (1052)^***	2173.45 (1052)^***	1861.20 (1053)^***	1864.30 (1053)^***	1983.183 (1053)^***	1864.30 (1053)^***
RMSEA		0.034	0.034	0.034	0.038	0.030	0.034	0.034	0.038	0.038	0.030	0.032	0.030	0.030	0.038	0.030
CFI		0.89	0.88	0.89	0.87	0.91	0.87	0.88	0.87	0.87	0.91	0.89	0.90	0.90	0.87	0.90

Significant at .05,

^**

Significant at .01,

^***

Significant at .001; one tailed test.

NOTE: Reporting Standardized coefficients from sample resulting from multiple imputation of five datasets. Standard errors in parentheses. Models include institution-level fixed effects.

Structural residual error correlations are estimated between internalization and externalization and between academic performance burden and disidentification. Measurement error correlations are estimated between indicators v6 and v7 and v10 and v11 (See Table 1 for list of variables by number).

See Table 1 for a list of variables by number.