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. 2013 Jul;28(4):225–233. doi: 10.1152/physiol.00006.2013

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©2013 Int. Union Physiol. Sci./Am. Physiol. Soc.

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FIGURE 3. — Signal cascades of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor autoantibodies

The agonistic angiotensin II type 1 receptor autoantibodies (AT1-AA) induce signaling by the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1-receptor), inhibited by AT1-receptor blocker (ARB) or the seven-amino acid peptide (AFHYESQ) mimicking the epitope of the AT1-AA in the second extracellular domain of the AT1-receptor. Intracellular cascades and promoter activations in the nucleus lead to an upregulation of endothelin-1 (ET-1), tissue factor, soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt1), soluble endoglin (sEng), and oxidative stress.