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. 2013 Jul 17;14(7):14950–14973. doi: 10.3390/ijms140714950

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© 2013 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Hypothetical scheme of flavonoid transport mechanisms in grapevine cells. Fluxes of flavonoids, conjugated or not by glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), are shown with different colours for anthocyanins or proanthocyanidins (PAs). The main transporters, localized in tonoplast and plasma membrane, are: bilitranslocase-like protein (BTL-like); ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABC); multidrug and toxic compound extrusion transporters (MATE). Transport mediated by vesicle (multicolour circles) trafficking is indicated, as well as the main structures and proteins involved (anthocyanic vacuolar inclusions (AVI); pre-vacuolar compartments (PVC); soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNARE)). Question marks indicate the lack of information or hypothetical steps in the process. Flavonoid biosynthesis is shown to be localized only at the endoplasmic reticulum site; for other suggested subcellular localizations, see text in section 2.