Table 4.
Correlation between cognitive performances and psychotic symptoms or social adjustment
| Smoker TRS | Nonsmoker TRS | |
|---|---|---|
| Verbal memory | ||
| PANSS total | P = 0.05; df = 1,31; r = 0.12; F = 2.05 | NS |
| Positive symptom subscale | NS | NS |
| Negative symptom subscale | P = 0.019; df = 1,31; r = 0.16; F = 2.48 | P = 0.002; df = 1,26; r = 0.31; F = 3.41 |
| General psychopathology subscale | NS | NS |
| PSP total | NS | NS |
| ‘Social Useful Activities’ subscale | NS | NS |
| ‘Personal and Social Relationship’ subscale | P = 0.04; df = 1,31; r = 0.13; F = 2.12 | NS |
| ‘Self-Care’ subscale | NS | NS |
| ‘Disturbing and Aggressive Behavior’ subscale | NS | NS |
| Working memory | ||
| PANSS total | NS | NS |
| Positive symptom subscale | NS | NS |
| Negative symptom subscale | P = 0.026; df = 1,31; r = 0.15; F = 2.32 | NS |
| General psychopathology subscale | NS | NS |
| PSP total | NS | NS |
| ‘Social Useful Activities’ subscale | NS | NS |
| ‘Personal and Social Relationship’ subscale | NS | NS |
| ‘Self-Care’ subscale | NS | NS |
| ‘Disturbing and Aggressive Behavior’ subscale | NS | NS |
| Verbal fluency | ||
| PANSS total | P = 0.05; df = 1,31; r = 0.11; F = 1.98 | NS |
| Positive symptom subscale | NS | NS |
| Negative symptom subscale | P = 0.006; df = 1,31; r = 0.19; F = 2.95 | P = 0.037; df = 1,26; r = 0.16; F = 2.19 |
| General psychopathology subscale | NS | NS |
| PSP total | NS | NS |
| ‘Social Useful Activities’ subscale | NS | NS |
| ‘Personal and Social Relationship’ subscale | NS | NS |
| ‘self-care’ subscale | NS | NS |
| ‘Disturbing and Aggressive Behavior’ subscale | NS | NS |
| Processing speed | ||
| PANSS total | NS | NS |
| Positive symptom subscale | NS | NS |
| Negative symptom subscale | NS | P = 0.038; df = 1,26; r = 0.15; F = 2.19 |
| General psychopathology subscale | NS | NS |
| PSP total | NS | NS |
| ‘Social Useful Activities’ subscale | NS | NS |
| ‘Personal and Social Relationship’ subscale | NS | NS |
| ‘Self-care’ subscale | NS | NS |
| ‘Disturbing and Aggressive Behavior’ subscale | NS | NS |
| Problem solving | ||
| PANSS total | NS | NS |
| Positive symptom subscale | NS | P = 0.04; df = 1,26; r = 0.14; F = 2.07 |
| Negative symptom subscale | NS | P = 0.001; df = 1,26; r = 0.34; F = 3.67 |
| General psychopathology subscale | NS | NS |
| PSP total | NS | NS |
| ‘Social Useful Activities’ subscale | NS | NS |
| ‘Personal and Social Relationship’ subscale | P = 0.04; df = 1,31; r = 0.13; F = 2.12 | NS |
| ‘Self-Care’ subscale | NS | NS |
| ‘Disturbing and Aggressive Behavior’ subscale | NS | NS |
Notes: scores on cognitive tasks have been correlated with scores on PANSS total and subscales and with scores on PSP total and subscales. High scores on cognitive tasks indicate better performances. High scores on PANSS and PSP indicate high symptom level and poor social functioning, respectively. For clarity, only significant correlations were reported. All significant correlations were inverse, ie, higher scores on PANSS or PSP were associated with lower scores on cognitive tasks.
Abbreviations: NS, not significant; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; PSP, Personal and Social Performance; TRS, treatment-resistant schizophrenia; df, degrees of freedom.