Figure 2. Surface atherosclerotic lesions of the aorta in 21-week-old nondiabetic Apoe ^−/− mice treated without/with vildagliptin infused with incretin receptor blockers.

During the 4-week period of vildagliptin administration, the Apoe ^−/− mice (17-weeks-old at the outset) were respectively infused with saline (vehicle), GLP-1 receptor blocker (Ex-9), the GIPR blocker (Pro³), and Ex-9+Pro³ by osmotic mini-pump. The entire aorta was stained with Oil Red O.