Table 2. Overall and specific dietary supplement use in pregnant women of the NutriNet-Santé cohort study, according to the trimester of pregnancy1.
| All pregnant | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | ||||||
| women | trimester | trimester | trimester | ||||||
| (n = 903) | (n = 281) | (n = 328) | (n = 294) | ||||||
| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | P2 | |
| Overall supplement use | 586 | 64.9 | 163 | 58.0 | 204 | 62.2 | 219 | 74.5 | 0.0001 |
| Specific supplement use 3 | |||||||||
| Folic acid | 406 | 45.0 | 141 | 50.2 | 144 | 43.9 | 121 | 41.2 | 0.07 |
| Iron | 380 | 42.1 | 52 | 18.5 | 140 | 42.7 | 188 | 63.9 | <0.0001 |
| Magnesium | 289 | 32.0 | 57 | 20.3 | 111 | 33.8 | 121 | 41.2 | <0.0001 |
| Vitamin B6 | 240 | 26.6 | 48 | 17.1 | 105 | 32.0 | 87 | 29.6 | <0.0001 |
| Thiamin | 233 | 25.8 | 49 | 17.4 | 105 | 32.0 | 79 | 26.9 | 0.0002 |
| Riboflavin | 229 | 25.4 | 46 | 16.4 | 103 | 31.4 | 80 | 27.2 | <0.0001 |
| Vitamin E | 205 | 22.7 | 39 | 13.9 | 95 | 29.0 | 71 | 24.1 | <0.0001 |
| Vitamin B12 | 197 | 21.8 | 46 | 16.4 | 83 | 25.3 | 68 | 23.1 | 0.02 |
| Zinc | 187 | 20.7 | 41 | 14.6 | 83 | 25.3 | 63 | 21.4 | 0.004 |
| Vitamin B8 | 182 | 20.2 | 38 | 13.5 | 79 | 24.1 | 65 | 22.1 | 0.004 |
| Iodine | 182 | 20.2 | 37 | 13.2 | 84 | 25.6 | 61 | 20.7 | 0.0007 |
| Pantothenic acid | 165 | 18.3 | 42 | 14.9 | 70 | 21.3 | 53 | 18.0 | 0.07 |
| Other minerals4 | 148 | 16.4 | 31 | 11.0 | 64 | 19.5 | 53 | 18.0 | 0.01 |
| Vitamin D | 140 | 15.5 | 35 | 12.5 | 60 | 18.3 | 45 | 15.3 | 0.1 |
| Vitamin C | 142 | 15.7 | 23 | 8.2 | 68 | 20.7 | 51 | 17.3 | 0.0001 |
| Niacin | 134 | 14.8 | 37 | 13.2 | 51 | 15.5 | 46 | 15.6 | 0.6 |
| ω3 fatty acids | 99 | 11.0 | 20 | 7.1 | 47 | 14.3 | 32 | 10.9 | 0.02 |
| Calcium | 92 | 10.2 | 17 | 6.0 | 36 | 11.0 | 39 | 13.3 | 0.02 |
| Other herbal supplement | 72 | 8.0 | 20 | 7.1 | 26 | 7.9 | 26 | 8.8 | 0.97 |
| Selenium | 69 | 7.6 | 8 | 2.8 | 33 | 10.1 | 28 | 9.5 | 0.003 |
| Retinol | 41 | 4.5 | 6 | 2.1 | 18 | 5.5 | 17 | 5.8 | 0.08 |
| Phosphorus | 27 | 3.0 | 8 | 2.8 | 10 | 3.0 | 9 | 3.1 | 0.98 |
| Evening primrose, borage, or cod liver oil | 18 | 2.0 | 4 | 1.4 | 11 | 3.4 | 3 | 1.0 | 0.1 |
| Beta-carotene | 11 | 1.2 | 1 | 0.4 | 5 | 1.5 | 5 | 1.7 | 0.3 |
| Fluoride | 11 | 1.2 | 3 | 1.1 | 3 | 0.9 | 5 | 1.7 | 0.7 |
| Acerola, guarana or cranberry supplement | 10 | 1.1 | 3 | 1.1 | 5 | 1.5 | 2 | 0.7 | 0.6 |
| Vitamin K | 6 | 0.7 | 2 | 0.7 | 3 | 0.9 | 1 | 0.3 | 0.7 |
| Fiber | 4 | 0.4 | 3 | 1.1 | 1 | 0.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.6 |
| Ginseng | 3 | 0.3 | 2 | 0.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.3 | 0.8 |
| Amino acids/proteins | 3 | 0.3 | 1 | 0.4 | 1 | 0.3 | 1 | 0.3 | 0.99 |
| Phytoestrogens | 2 | 0.2 | 2 | 0.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.99 |
| Lutein | 1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.3 | - |
1
DS users were defined as the subjects who used dietary supplement(s) at least 3 days a week at the time of the DS questionnaire.
2
Comparison of overall and specific DS use among pregnant women according to the trimester of pregnancy by unconditional logistic regression analysis adjusted for age.
3
Nutrients and other substances were consumed alone or in combination in the same DS.
4
Potassium, copper, lithium, manganese, chromium, and others.