Table 1.
Characteristics of Participants, n = 537
| S-TOFHLA Score | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Inadequate | Adequate | P-value | |
| Total sample (%) | 54.8 | 45.2 | |
| Gender (%) | 0.06 | ||
| Female | 51.6 | 48.4 | |
| Male | 59.8 | 40.2 | |
| Age; mean±SD [range] | 71.0±7.4 [60-89] | 68.7±6.5 [60-91] | <0.001 |
| Education (%) | <0.001 | ||
| <High school | 74.3 | 25.7 | |
| High school graduate | 48.9 | 51.1 | |
| >High school | 39.3 | 60.7 | |
| Ethnicity (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Non-Hispanic white | 44.5 | 55.5 | |
| African American | 55.8 | 44.2 | |
| American Indian | 66.7 | 33.3 | |
| Stroke (%) | 0.03 | ||
| Yes | 18.4 | 26.3 | |
| No | 81.6 | 73.7 | |
| Heart disease (%) | 0.31 | ||
| Yes | 26.9 | 30.9 | |
| No | 73.1 | 69.1 | |
| Hypertension (%) | 0.46 | ||
| Yes | 58.2 | 61.3 | |
| No | 41.8 | 38.7 | |
| CESD; mean±SD [range] | 4.17±3.56 [0-16] | 3.44±3.26 [0-15] | 0.01 |
| Duration diabetes, years | 0.06 | ||
| mean±SD [range] | 15.5±12.4 [2-63] | 13.6±11.3 [2-67] | |
| Diabetes Knowledge Test | <0.001 | ||
| mean±SD [range] | 9.5±2.8 [0-15] | 10.9±2.1 [3-15] | |
| Taking insulin (%) | 0.07 | ||
| Yes | 60.4 | 39.6 | |
| No | 52.2 | 47.8 | |
| Taking diabetes pills (%) | 0.22 | ||
| Yes | 56.3 | 43.7 | |
| No | 50.4 | 49.6 | |
| HbA1c; mean±SD [range] | 7.0±1.4 [4-13] | 6.9±1.3 [4-13] | 0.55 |
| Cognitive tests; mean±SD [range] | |||
| MMSE | 25.4±3.7 [18-30] | 28.0±2.4 [18-30] | <0.001 |
| Verbal Fluency | 13.0±4.8 [3-29] | 15.5±5.70 [2-33] | <0.001 |
| Brief Attention | 5.1±2.2 [1-10] | 6.4±2.3 [1-10] | <0.001 |
| Digit Span Backward | 4.2±1.8 [0-12] | 6.0±2.4 [0-14] | <0.001 |
SD = standard deviation.