Table 2.
Multivariate logistic regression results of the association between cognitive function and adequate health literacy
| Independent Variables | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI)† | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI)† | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI)† | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI)† |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female | 1.48 (0.97-2.25) | 1.45 (0.94-2.23) | 1.38 (0.89-2.15) | 1.57 (1-2.47)* |
| Age | 0.97 (0.94-1) | 0.97 (0.94-1) | 0.97 (0.94-1)* | 0.97 (0.93-1) |
| > High school | 1.97 (1.16-3.34)* | 2.27 (1.33-3.87)** | 2.1 (1.22-3.61)** | 1.94 (1.11-3.4)* |
| High school graduate | 1.68 (1.01-2.81)* | 1.86 (1.11-3.12)* | 1.61 (0.94-2.75) | 1.46 (0.85-2.54) |
| American Indian | 0.37 (0.22-0.63)*** | 0.38 (0.22-0.65)*** | 0.38 (0.22-0.65)*** | 0.36 (0.21-0.64)*** |
| African American | 0.74 (0.45-1.2) | 0.87 (0.52-1.43) | 0.74 (0.44-1.22) | 0.7 (0.42-1.18) |
| Yes stroke | 1.48 (0.9-2.44) | 1.26 (0.77-2.06) | 1.33 (0.8-2.21) | 1.48 (0.88-2.5) |
| Yes heart disease | 1.23 (0.78-1.94) | 1.17 (0.74-1.85) | 1.27 (0.8-2.02) | 1.39 (0.86-2.25) |
| Yes hypertension | 1.14 (0.75-1.74) | 1.29 (0.84-1.98) | 1.16 (0.75-1.81) | 1.26 (0.8-1.99) |
| CESD | 0.95 (0.89-1.01) | 0.95 (0.89-1.01) | 0.94 (0.88-1.01) | 0.96 (0.9-1.03) |
| Diabetes duration | 1 (0.98-1.01) | 1 (0.98-1.01) | 0.99 (0.97-1.01) | 0.99 (0.97-1.01) |
| Diabetes knowledge | 1.14 (1.04-1.25)** | 1.22 (1.12-1.34)** | 1.16 (1.06-1.27)** | 1.16 (1.05-1.27)** |
| Yes taking insulin | 0.74 (0.42-1.31) | 0.65 (0.36-1.17) | 0.76 (0.42-1.38) | 0.74 (0.4-1.36) |
| Yes taking diabetes pills | 0.73 (0.42-1.26) | 0.7 (0.4-1.23) | 0.67 (0.38-1.19) | 0.65 (0.36-1.18) |
| HbA1c | 1.02 (0.87-1.2) | 1.01 (0.86-1.18) | 1.01 (0.86-1.19) | 1.05 (0.89-1.24) |
| Cognitive measures‡ | ||||
| MMSE | 1.20 (1.11-1.3)*** | |||
| Verbal Fluency | 1.05 (1.01-1.1)** | |||
| Brief Attention | 1.16 (1.05-1.28)** | |||
| Digit Span Backward | 1.34 (1.19-1.51)*** |
†
95% confidence interval.
‡
The associations between adequate health literacy and test scores on four different measures of cognitive function after adjustment for covariates are shown. The table shows odds ratios simultaneously adjusted for gender, age, education, ethnicity, stroke, heart disease, hypertension, depressive symptoms, diabetes duration, diabetes knowledge, taking insulin, taking diabetes pills, and HbA1c. The adjusted odds ratio represents the increased odds of having adequate health literacy for every unit increase in each cognitive test.
*
p <.05
**
p<.01
***
p<.001.