Table 2.
Odds ratio estimates of the association of overweight (BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m2) with age, residence, parity, age at first birth, breastfeeding, education and wealth among women aged 25 – 49 years by region across 33 low and middle income countries participating in Demographic Health Survey (1992 – 2009).
| Models | North Africa/West & Central Asia1 OR* (95% CI) | South & Southeast Asia2 OR* (95% CI) | Sub-Saharan Africa3 OR* (95% CI) | Latin America & Caribbean4 OR* (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 1.07 (1.07– 1.08) | 1.06 (1.05– 1.07) | 1.04 (1.04– 1.04) | 1.05 (1.04– 1.05) |
| Residence | ||||
| Urban | 1.48 (1.39– 1.58) | 2.90 (2.69– 3.12) | 3.00 (2.90– 3.12) | 1.85 (1.78– 1.93) |
| Rural | Reference | |||
| Parity | ||||
| 1 child | Reference | |||
| 2–3 Children | 1.14 (1.03– 1.25) | 1.03 (0.93– 1.14) | 1.21 (1.12– 1.31) | 1.39 (1.31– 1.47) |
| > 4 Children | 1.09 (0.98– 1.22) | 0.62 (0.55– 0.71) | 1.25 (1.16– 1.36) | 1.34 (1.25– 1.43) |
| Age at first birth | 0.99 (0.98– 0.99) | 1.02 (1.01– 1.02) | 0.98 (0.98– 0.98) | 0.96 (0.96– 0.97) |
| Breastfeeding | ||||
| Never breastfeeding | 1.03 (0.92– 1.16) | 1.56 (1.33– 1.82) | 1.23 (1.13– 1.33) | 1.33 (1.22– 1.44) |
| 1– 12 months | 0.93 (0.88– 0.99) | 1.05 (0.97– 1.14) | 1.10 (1.06– 1.14) | 1.11 (1.07– 1.15) |
| 13– 24 months** | Reference | |||
| > 25 months | 0.86 (0.76– 0.98) | 1.01 (0.92– 1.11) | 0.83 (0.78– 0.89) | 1.23 (1.16– 1.31) |
| Education | ||||
| No education | 0.87 (0.79– 0.96) | 0.13 (0.12– 0.15) | 0.20 (0.18– 0.22) | 0.63 (0.59– 0.68) |
| Incomplete Primary | 1.13 (1.01– 1.27) | 0.25 (0.22– 0.29) | 0.31 (0.28– 0.34) | 1.06 (1.00– 1.13) |
| Primary | 1.23 (1.12– 1.35) | 0.49 (0.45– 0.54) | 0.52 (0.47– 0.55) | 1.25 (1.18– 1.32) |
| Secondary | 1.28 (1.17– 1.41) | 0.84 (0.74– 0.97) | 0.74 (0.66– 0.83) | 1.20 (1.13– 1.28) |
| Higher | Reference | |||
| Wealth | ||||
| Lowest | 0.31 (0.29– 0.35) | 0.10 (0.08– 0.12) | 0.29 (0.27– 0.31) | 0.48 (0.45– 0.52) |
| Second | 0.50 (0.45– 0.55) | 0.15 (0.13– 0.17) | 0.34 (0.32– 0.37) | 0.67 (0.63– 0.72) |
| Middle | 0.62 (0.56– 0.68) | 0.27 (0.24– 0.31) | 0.47 (0.44– 0.50) | 0.82 (0.78– 0.87) |
| Fourth | 0.84 (0.76– 0.92) | 0.47 (0.42– 0.51) | 0.62 (0.59– 0.65) | 0.96 (0.91– 1.02) |
| Highest | Reference | |||
All models were adjusted for age, residence, educational level and time period.
Since most women were breastfeeding between 13 to 24 months, this category was selected as reference in order to obtain precise estimates in the model.
North Africa/West & Central Asia countries included (Egypt, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Turkey)
South & Southeast Asia countries included (Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Nepal)
Sub-Saharan Africa countries included (Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Cote D’Ivoire, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda)
Latin America & Caribbean countries included (Bolivia, Colombia, Guatemala, Haiti, Nicaragua, Peru)