Figure 4. Results of Experiment 1.

Performance in the Grouped conditions was better than in the Ungrouped conditions. The spacing of the Vertical flankers had no effect when they were Grouped implying that the grouping effect was unaffected by distance. However, when the Vertical flankers were ungrouped, they degraded performance when they were near, showing an ordinary crowding effect. Here, only the condition with upright Ts is shown, but all orientations were tested. The dashed line indicates performance when only Horizontal flankers were presented (baseline). Chance performance is 0.25. Error bars indicate standard errors of the mean. Stimuli are not drawn to scale.