Table 1.
Neuropsychological measures administered (those in italics were included in cluster analyses and discriminant function analyses)
| Verbal Memorya | CVLT: Trials 1–5 Total, Long-Delay Free Recall, Yes/No Recognition Accuracy WMS-R LM: Delayed Free Recall, Recognition Discriminability |
| Executive Functions | TMT Part B, D-KEFS CWIT – Inhibition/Switching, WCST 48-Card Version (categories, perseverative errors), D-KEFS Design Fluency Switching |
| Language | BNT, Letter Fluency (FAS), Animal Fluency |
| Visuospatial/ Visual Memoryb | WISC-R Block Design, WMS-R VR Immediate Recall, WMS-R Delayed Free Recall, DRS Construction, Clock Drawing |
| Attention | WAIS-R Digit Span Forward (span length), D-KEFS Visual Scanning, DRS Attention, TMT Part A |
Note: CVLT = California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT-I (N = 69), Delis, Kramer, Kaplan, & Ober, 1987 or CVLT-II (N = 127), Delis, Kramer, Kaplan, & Ober, 2000); WMS-R LM and VR = Wechsler Memory Scale Revised Logical Memory and Visual Reproduction subtests (Wechsler, 1987); TMT = Trail Making Test (Reitan & Wolfson, 1985); D-KEFS CWIT = Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System Color-Word Interference Test (Delis, Kaplan, & Kramer, 2001); BNT = Boston Naming Test (Kaplan, Goodglass, & Weintraub, 1983); WISC-R = Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Revised (Wechsler, 1974); DRS = Dementia Rating Scale; WAIS-R = Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Revised (Wechsler, 1981). Normative data were drawn from Mayo’s Older Americans Normative Studies or from other published norms.
CVLT recognition accuracy (hit rate – false positive rate) was used due to differences in the recognition discriminability index across the two versions of the CVLT.
The longstanding practice of our UCSD ADRC to administer the children’s version of the Block Design test was based on its easier level of difficulty for patients with dementia, thereby improving its range and lowering its floor (Salmon & Butters, 1992). Normative data for this test were calculated from age- and education-adjusted norms drawn from local unpublished data derived from the UCSD ADRC.