Table 2.
Animal study: effects of acute hemodynamic interventions on diastolic properties
| Baseline | Esmolol | Dobutamine | Volume | CME | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Animals, n | 25 | 15 | 18 | 6 | 4 |
| Runs, n | 102 | 75 | 69 | 18 | 10 |
| Hemodynamic data | |||||
| Heart rate, beats/min | 91 (83–99) | 79 (71–87)* | 111 (103–118)* | 90 (81–100) | 74 (63–85)* |
| Duration of diastole, ms | 357 (304–410) | 435 (381–488)* | 308 (255–362)* | 296 (235–357)* | 470 (400–539)* |
| ESV, ml | 23 (20–26) | 24 (21–27) | 18 (15–21)* | 26 (22–30) | 41 (37–45)* |
| EDV, ml | 48 (43–53) | 49 (44–53) | 44 (39–49)* | 57 (51–63)* | 60 (53–66)* |
| EDP, mmHg | 9 (7–10) | 9 (8–11) | 9 (7–10) | 14 (12–16)* | 14 (12–17)* |
| Peak systolic pressure, mmHg | 94 (85–103) | 85 (76–94)* | 105 (96–113)* | 95 (84–105) | 47 (35–59)* |
| ESP, mmHg | 63 (56–70) | 55 (47–62)* | 63 (56–71) | 63 (54–71) | 25 (15–36)* |
| dP/dtmin, mmHg/s | 1,497 (1,228–1,766) | 1,237 (965–1,509)* | 1,629 (1,360–1,899) | 1,278 (967–1,590) | 618 (470–1,163)* |
| dP/dtmax, mmHg/s | 1,805 (1,468–2,142) | 1,215 (869–1,562)* | 3,822 (3,482–4,161)* | 1,796 (1,338–2,255)* | 1,113 (509–1,185)* |
| Diastolic properties (conventional methods) | |||||
| Isovolumic τ, ms | 54 (47–61) | 53 (46–60) | 43 (36–50)* | 66 (58–75)* | 94 (83–104)* |
| EDPVR V0, ml | 16 (12–20) | 15 (11–19) | 15 (11–19) | 18 (13–24) | 25 (18–32)* |
| EDPVR S+, mmHg | 12 (9–14) | 15 (12–18) | 13 (10–16) | 15 (11–19) | 25 (20–30)* |
| EDPVR Vm, ml | 72 (65–80) | 77 (69–85) | 69 (61–77) | 85 (74–96)* | 91 (77–105)* |
| EDPVR dP/dV at V0, mmHg/ml | 0.19 (0.14–0.25) | 0.19 (0.13–0.25) | 0.22 (0.17–0.28) | 0.18 (0.08–0.28) | 0.50 (0.37–0.63)* |
| EDPVR dP/dV at EDV, mmHg/ml | 0.84 (0.36–1.32) | 0.69 (0.2–1.18) | 1.15 (0.68–1.63) | 1.25 (0.57–1.93) | 1.90 (1.03–2.76)* |
| Diastolic properties (optimization method) | |||||
| τ, ms | 53 (46–59) | 48 (41–55) | 47 (41–54)* | 68 (59–76)* | 89 (79–99)* |
| Pa at ED, mmHg | 0.3 (0.1–0.5) | 0.1 (−0.2–0.3) | 0.3 (0–0.5) | 0.8 (0.4–1.1)* | 1.5 (1.1–1.9)* |
| V0, ml | 21 (16–26) | 15 (10–20)* | 20 (15–25) | 21 (15–28) | 30 (22–38)* |
| S−, mmHg | 4 (2–6) | 3 (1–5) | 5 (3–7) | 5 (2–8) | 21 (17–24)* |
| Vd, ml | 3 (2–4) | 4 (3–5) | 4 (3–6) | 6 (4–8) | 2 (0–5) |
| Pp at aortic valve closure, mmHg | −0.1 (−1.1–0.9) | 1.1 (0–2.2)* | −1.4 (−2.4–−0.3)* | 0.2 (−1.2–1.7) | 0.0 (−1.8–1.7) |
| Pp at filling onset, mmHg | 0.4 (−0.5–1.3) | 1.7 (0.7–2.6)* | −0.7 (−1.6–0.2)* | 1.3 (0.1–2.6) | 1.5 (0–3.1) |
| S+, mmHg | 8 (6–10) | 10 (8–12)* | 11 (9–13)* | 15 (12–17)* | 13 (9–16)* |
| Vm, ml | 67 (60–74) | 71 (63–78) | 66 (59–73) | 83 (72–93)* | 81 (68–94) |
| dP/dV at V0, mmHg/ml | 0.21 (0.17–0.26) | 0.20 (0.16–0.25) | 0.28 (0.23–0.32)* | 0.26 (0.20–0.32) | 0.44 (0.36–0.52)* |
| dP/dV at EDV, mmHg/ml | 0.67 (0.51–0.82) | 0.58 (0.42–0.75) | 0.66 (0.5–0.82) | 0.73 (0.47–0.98) | 1.47 (1.13–1.8)* |
Values show the estimated fixed effects (with 95% confidence interval in parentheses) from mixed models controlling for repeated measures within animal and open/closed chest design. CME, coronary microembolization; ESV, end-systolic volume; EDP, end-diastolic pressure; ESP, end-systolic pressure; dP/dtmin and dP/dtmax, minimal and maximal derivative of LV pressure with respect to time, respectively; EDPVR, end-diastolic pressure-volume relationship; Pa, active diastolic pressure; Pp, passive diastolic pressure.
*
P < 0.05 vs. baseline.