Table 1.
Characteristics of mice on CPA protocol compared with control and Bmal1−/− mice
| Control | CPA | Bmal1−/− | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tissue mass | |||
| Body mass, g | 29.6 ± 6.3 | 29.1 ± 4.1 | 20.1 ± 2.2* |
| Heart mass, g | 0.148 ± 0.017 | 0.139 ± 0.015 | 0.119 ± 0.014* |
| Heart mass/body mass | 0.005 ± 0.001 | 0.005 ± 0.001 | 0.006 ± 0.001* |
| Running measures | |||
| Average time run, h/day | 10.39 ± 2.71 | 9.74 ± 2.01 | 1.31 ± 0.65* |
| Average distance, km/day | 10.31 ± 3.10 | 11.92 ± 4.00 | 0.25 ± 0.15* |
| Physiological measures | |||
| Force/CSA, N/cm2 | 24.95 ± 2.69 | 23.65 ± 3.44 | 20.01 ± 3.20* |
| Blood glucose, mg/dl | 138.1 ± 30.1 | 140.9 ± 35.3 | N/A |
Values are means ± SD. Chronic phase advance (CPA) did not alter basic characteristics or physiological outcomes. Bmal1−/− mice have significantly lower body and tissues mass as well as decreased activity compared with control. Muscle function in CPA mice measured as maximal force/cross-sectional area (CSA) in the extensor digitorum longus muscle was also similar to control, whereas Bmal1−/− mice produced significantly less force/CSA than control. Blood glucose levels were also similar between control and CPA.
*
Statistically different from control (P < 0.05; ANOVA, post hoc Tukey's test).