Table 3.
Brain Perfusion During Smoking vs Nonsmoking Cuesa
| Region | Both Groups at Time 1
|
Varenicline Group at Time 2
|
Placebo Group at Time 2
|
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| x | y | z | t | x | y | z | t | x | y | z | t | |
| VS and medial OFC bilateralb | −6 | 28 | 18 | 3.77 | −2 | 18 | −14 | 3.45 | ||||
| Medial OFCb | −10 | 60 | −20 | −4.21 | ||||||||
| 4 | 52 | −14 | −5.63 | |||||||||
| −8 | 48 | −14 | −3.58 | |||||||||
| −10 | 26 | −20 | −3.75 | |||||||||
| Superior frontal gyrus | −14 | 70 | 6 | −6.84 | ||||||||
| Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex | 36 | 54 | 18 | −5.04 | ||||||||
| Amygdala | 44 | 12 | −22 | −3.02 | ||||||||
| Superior temporal | −56 | −36 | −8 | −3.13 | 48 | 28 | −22 | 3.47 | ||||
| Anterior cingulate | −8 | −14 | 40 | 4.40 | ||||||||
| Cingulate sulcus | 2 | −44 | 52 | −4.02 | 14 | 58 | 2 | 4.65 | ||||
| Posterior cingulate | 0 | −68 | 16 | 4.73 | 0 | −36 | 42 | 3.25 | ||||
| −12 | −44 | 14 | 4.13 | |||||||||
| −14 | −40 | 36 | 6.88 | |||||||||
| Insula (ventral posterior) | 38 | −4 | −8 | 4.07 | 34 | 16 | −6 | 3.38 | ||||
| Dorsal posterior insula | 62 | −26 | 14 | −5.10 | ||||||||
| −60 | −14 | 2 | −4.69 | |||||||||
| Middle occipital | −30 | −78 | −2 | 5.80 | ||||||||
| Inferior temporal gyrus | −60 | −54 | −20 | 4.38 | ||||||||
| Medial temporal gyrus | −62 | −28 | 40 | 5.07 | ||||||||
| −58 | −14 | −2 | 3.24 | |||||||||
| 58 | −2 | −8 | 6.86 | |||||||||
| Inferior frontal gyrus | 60 | 18 | 14 | 15.65 | ||||||||
| Lateral (extreme) OFC | 44 | 28 | −20 | 4.75 | ||||||||
| Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex | −26 | 44 | 6 | 4.20 | ||||||||
| −26 | 44 | −4 | 4.39 | |||||||||
| −38 | 38 | 4 | 3.63 | |||||||||
| Precentral gyrus | −46 | −10 | 50 | 15.83 | ||||||||
| −26 | −34 | 66 | 4.68 | |||||||||
| 12 | −6 | 64 | 4.18 | |||||||||
| 34 | −32 | 66 | 5.12 | |||||||||
| Cerebellum | 0 | −48 | −10 | 9.71 | ||||||||
Abbreviations: OFC, orbitofrontal cortex; VS, ventral striatum.
Listed are the coordinates x, y, z from the suprathreshold voxel within a cluster and the t value from regions activated during exposure to smoking cues relative to exposure to nonsmoking cues at time 1 in all subjects and at time 2 in the varenicline group and the placebo group, separately. Note that the VS and medial OFC are still activated in the placebo group at time 2. Varenicline administration reduced activity in reward-related circuitry, including several areas in the VS and medial OFC and in the amygdala. Additionally, varenicline administration increased activity in several regions. Activations are significant at P < .001 (uncorrected at the cluster level). Left-sided brain responses are indicated by negative x-coordinate values.
A priori regions.