Table 5. Multilevel regression analysis of factors associated with self-rated health, by province (adjusted odds ratios).
| Variables | Western Cape | Eastern Cape | Northern Cape | Free State | KwaZulu-Natal | North West | Gauteng | Mpumalanga | Limpopo |
| Gender | |||||||||
| Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Female | 1.13(0.84, 1.53) | 0.74*(0.54, 1.02) | 0.95(0.66, 1.38) | 1.01(0.66, 1.53) | 0.61**(0.39, 0.96) | 0.63***(0.50, 0.79) | 0.96(0.61, 1.51) | 1.09(0.71, 1.67) | 0.94(0.59, 1.49) |
| Marital status | |||||||||
| Single | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Married/cohabiting | 0.94(0.63, 1.40) | 0.97(0.66, 1.43) | 1.25(0.70, 2.25) | 0.87(0.52, 1.46) | 0.65(0.37, 1.15) | 0.65***(0.50, 0.86) | 1.23(0.68, 2.21) | 0.60*(0.33, 1.10) | 0.70(0.41, 1.19) |
| Divorced/widowed/separated | 0.89(0.62, 1.28) | 0.686**(0.48, 0.98) | 0.88(0.55, 1.41) | 0.47***(0.29, 0.77) | 1.04(0.67, 1.61) | 1.02(0.81, 1.28) | 1.69**(1.01, 2.81) | 0.70(0.44, 1.13) | 0.71(0.40, 1.25) |
| Age | 0.81***(0.77, 0.86) | 0.87***(0.84, 0.91) | 0.89***(0.83, 0.95) | 0.84***(0.80, 0.90) | 0.87***(0.82, 0.92) | 0.87***(0.85, 0.90) | 0.95(0.89, 1.02) | 0.85***(0.80, 0.90) | 0.85***(0.80, 0.90) |
| Age squared | 1.00***(1.00, 1.00) | 1.00***(1.00, 1.00) | 1.00**(1.00, 1.00) | 1.00***(1.00, 1.00) | 1.00***(1.00, 1.00) | 1.00***(1.00, 1.00) | 1.00(1.00, 1.00) | 1.00***(1.00, 1.00) | 1.00***(1.00, 1.00) |
| Education | |||||||||
| None | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Primary | 1.26(0.79, 2.00) | 1.11(0.77,1.62) | 0.93(0.52, 1.66) | 1.68(0.89, 3.16) | 0.95(0.58, 1.57) | 1.03(0.81, 1.31) | 1.93(0.82, 4.53) | 1.15(0.68, 1.97) | 1.25(0.73, 2.14) |
| Secondary | 1.93***(1.17,3.17) | 2.27***(1.47, 3.50) | 1.652(0.90, 3.04) | 2.65***(1.34, 5.26) | 1.63*(0.96, 2.78) | 1.91***(1.44, 2.53) | 3.49***(1.50, 8.14) | 2.11**(1.15, 3.88) | 2.30**(1.20, 4.41) |
| Tertiary | 6.48***(2.67, 15.74) | 5.46**(1.48, 20.18) | 4.08**(1.04, 16.05) | 2.76*(0.97, 7.86) | 2.16(0.79, 5.91) | 3.25***(1.80, 5.88) | 2.13(0.65, 6.97) | 10.0***(2.08, 48.12) | 4.33*(0.85, 21.99) |
| Employment | |||||||||
| Unemployed | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Employed | 2.64***(1.92, 3.63) | 2.05***(1.40, 3.02) | 2.04***(1.33, 3.11) | 1.52*(0.99, 2.34) | 1.31(0.85, 2.02) | 1.44***(1.15, 1.81) | 1.31(0.84, 2.06) | 1.54**(1.01, 2.36) | 2.28***(1.30, 4.01) |
| Household income quintile | |||||||||
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 2 | 0.68(0.33, 1.42) | 0.85(0.56, 1.28) | 1.10(0.56, 2.16) | 1.11(0.57, 2.15) | 1.21(0.67, 2.15) | 1.01(0.79, 1.30) | 0.87(0.42, 1.82) | 1.20(0.64, 2.25) | 0.64(0.38, 1.11) |
| 3 | 0.87(0.43, 1.74) | 0.84(0.56, 1.25) | 1.19(0.63, 2.24) | 0.96(0.51, 1.82) | 1.39(0.75, 2.58) | 0.81(0.62, 1.05) | 1.31(0.64, 2.69) | 0.93(0.50, 1.74) | 0.78(0.41, 1.49) |
| 4 | 0.70(0.36, 1.39) | 0.70*(0.46, 1.07) | 0.88(0.46, 1.66) | 1.07(0.56, 2.05) | 0.89(0.49, 1.63) | 0.93(0.69, 1.26) | 1.30(0.65, 2.58) | 1.59(0.81, 3.15) | 0.51**(0.27, 0.98) |
| 5 | 1.31(0.60, 2.85) | 1.31(0.63, 2.72) | 0.74(0.33, 1.66) | 1.41(0.59, 3.37) | 1.40(0.63, 3.08) | 1.82**(1.14, 2.90) | 2.20*(0.98, 4.92) | 1.06(0.46, 2.41) | 0.47(0.16, 1.41) |
| Government grants | |||||||||
| None | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 1 or more | 0.65***(0.48,−0.89) | 1.19(0.84, 1.70) | 0.70(0.45, 1.07) | 0.81(0.53, 1.21) | 0.63**(0.41, 0.98) | 0.73**(0.57, 0.93) | 0.50***(0.32, 0.76) | 0.62**(0.39, 0.99) | 0.98(0.57, 1.68) |
| Residence | |||||||||
| Urban | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Rural | 1.41*(0.94, 2.12) | 1.96***(1.34, 2.86) | 1.36(0.80, 2.31) | 1.09(0.59, 2.03) | 1.31(0.88, 1.94) | 1.19(0.91, 1.55) | 3.19(0.37, 27.80) | 0.77(0.51, 1.17) | 0.46**(0.24, 0.89) |
| Smoking | |||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 0.83(0.62, 1.11) | 1.10(0.76, 1.59) | 0.78(0.53, 1.15) | 0.79(0.49, 1.25) | 0.51***(0.31, 0.84) | 0.77*(0.58, 1.02) | 1.33(0.79, 2.26) | 1.00(0.58, 1.71) | 1.42(0.78, 2.57) |
| Individual social capital | |||||||||
| Trust | |||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 1.37*(0.98, 1.91) | 1.01(0.71, 1.44) | 0.77(0.49, 1.20) | 0.70*(0.48, 1.02) | 0.91(0.61, 1.36) | 1.39***(1.13, 1.71) | 0.78(0.52, 1.18) | 1.04(0.71, 1.53) | 0.56***(0.38, 0.84) |
| Civic participation | |||||||||
| No | 1 | ||||||||
| Yes | 0.91(0.68, 1.22) | 0.947(0.71, 1.26) | 1.17(0.78, 1.75) | 0.97(0.67, 1.41) | 0.98(0.68, 1.42) | 1.01(0.82, 1.25) | 0.84(0.57, 1.23) | 0.90(0.61, 1.31) | 1.00(0.63, 1.59) |
| Neighbourhood social capital | 0.60***(0.44, 0.82) | 0.89(0.59, 1.33) | 0.82(0.57, 1.17) | 1.18(0.70, 1.98) | 0.94(0.66, 1.34) | 1.59***(1.27, 1.99) | 1.90***(1.21, 2.97) | 0.72**(0.55, 0.94) | 1.06(0.86, 1.31) |
| Deprivation rank | |||||||||
| Most deprived | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Moderately deprived | 1.16(0.74, 1.81) | 1.02(0.55, 1.88) | 1.29(0.81, 2.06) | 1.02(0.64, 1.62) | 1.05(0.34, 3.22) | 1.43(0.57, 3.56) | 0.59*(0.33, 1.04) | 1.54*(0.93, 2.55) | 0.63(0.25, 1.62) |
| Least deprived | – # | – # | 1.20(0.56, 2.55) | 1.12(0.70, 1.80) | 0.79(0.25, 2.53) | 1.26(0.53, 3.03) | – # | 0.81(0.50, 1.32) | 0.71(0.25, 2.01) |
***
p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1, #none of the communities in this province were in the lowest deprivation rank.