Table 2.
Multivariate adjusted Odds Ratio analysis of unilateral, bilateral and overall Noise-Induced Hearing Threshold Shift among U.S. Adults aged 20–69 years by Sociodemographic Characteristics, Noise exposure, and other potential hearing related factors: NHANES 1999–2004
| Variables | Unilateral NITS OR (95% CI) | Bilateral NITS OR (95% CI) | Overall NITS OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age groups (years) | ||||
| 20–29 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 30–39 | 1.79 (1.16–2.76) | 3.22 (1.53–6.77) | 2.21 (1.51–3.24) | |
| 40–49 | 2.73 (1.80–4.13) | 3.37 (1.61–7.07) | 3.12 (2.14–4.53) | |
| 50–59 | 3.17 (2.02–4.98) | 4.25 (1.95–9.28) | 3.80 (2.54–5.70) | |
| 60–69 | 3.57 (2.16–5.89) | 3.35 (1.40–8.00) | 3.86 (2.45–6.09) | |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Male | 3.85 (2.77–5.36) | 7.04 (3.54–13.97) | 4.76 (3.53–6.42) | |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 0.64 (0.44–0.94) | 0.64 (0.35–1.17) | 0.61 (0.44–0.86) | |
| Hispanic | 0.79 (0.53–1.20) | 0.49 (0.24–1.02) | 0.67 (0.46–0.98) | |
| Other (including multiracial) | 0.37 (0.14–0.97) | 0.71 (0.23–2.18) | 0.45 (0.21–0.95) | |
| Income | ||||
| Low (PIR ≤ 1.3) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Middle (1.3<PIR≤3.5) | 0.94 (0.64–1.36) | 1.05 (0.63–1.77) | 0.99 (0.73–1.35) | |
| High (PIR>3.5) | 0.83 (0.56–1.21) | 1.06 (0.59–1.88) | 0.87 (0.62–1.23) | |
| Education | ||||
| Less than High School | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| High School Diploma (Includes GED) | 0.94 (0.64–1.36) | 0.70 (0.40–1.20) | 0.83 (0.59–1.15) | |
| Post-Secondary | 0.68 (0.47–0.97) | 0.39 (0.23–0.67) | 0.53 (0.39–0.72) | |
| Marital Status | ||||
| Never Married/Divorced/Separated/Widowed | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Married/Living with Partner | 1.06 (0.79–1.43) | 1.59 (0.96–2.63) | 1.21 (0.93–1.58) | |
| Country of Birth | ||||
| United States | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Mexico | 1.11 (0.67–1.83) | 2.21 (0.97–5.02) | 1.39 (0.89–2.18) | |
| Any Other Location | 0.88 (0.55–1.43) | 1.34 (0.66–2.73) | 1 (0.65–1.51) | |
| Service in Armed Forces | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 0.94 (0.65–1.34) | 1.14 (0.68–1.90) | 1 (0.73–1.37) | |
| Smoking History | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 1.20 (0.92–1.57) | 1.87 (1.19–2.95) | 1.40 (1.10–1.79) | |
| Diabetes | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 0.74 (0.44–1.25) | 1.05 (0.52–2.13) | 0.81 (0.52–1.26) | |
| Occupational Noise | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 0.96 (0.61–1.49) | 0.75 (0.40–1.42) | 0.87 (0.59–1.29) | |
| Firearms Noise | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 0.96 (0.61–1.52) | 0.99 (0.52–1.87) | 0.97 (0.65–1.44) | |
| Recreational Noise | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 1.09 (0.76–1.57) | 0.84 (0.50–1.40) | 1 (0.73–1.38) | |
| Any of above Noise Exposures | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 1.06 (0.63–1.79) | 1.84 (0.86–3.90) | 1.29 (0.82–2.03) | |
*
NITS: Noise-Induced Hearing Threshold Shift; CI: Confidence Interval; OR: Odds Ratio
#
Bold numbers indicate a p<0.05.
*
Missing values:
- Income: 475
- Education: 2
- Marital status: 208
- Country of birth: 2
- Service in armed forces: 1
- Smoking history: 2
- Diabetes: 3
- Occupational noise: 1893
- Firearms noise: 5
- Recreational noise: 8
- Any noise exposure: 1476