Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics by Frailty Status
| Variable | Number Missing |
Total (n = 448) |
Not Frail (n = 116) |
Intermediate Frail (n = 248) |
Frail (n = 84) | p Value for Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (yrs) | 0 | 73.2±13.3 | 69.0±14.0 | 74.4±13.1 | 75.5±11.9 | <0.001 |
| Men | 0 | 257 (57.4%) | 68 (58.6%) | 144 (58.1%) | 45 (53.6%) | 0.505 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors | ||||||
| Hypertension | 0 | 405 (90.4%) | 102 (87.9%) | 223 (89.9%) | 80 (95.2%) | 0.095 |
| Current or former smoker | 0 | 265 (59.2%) | 65 (56.0%) | 141 (56.9%) | 59 (70.2%) | 0.062 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 2 | 175 (39.2%) | 38 (32.8%) | 95 (38.5%) | 42 (50.6%) | 0.013 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 1 | 369 (82.6%) | 89 (76.7%) | 210 (84.7%) | 70 (84.3%) | 0.122 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0 | 29.7 (26–35) | 30.3 (27–35) | 29.6 (25–35) | 29.9 (26–37) | 0.873 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Prior MI | 2 | 118 (26.5%) | 24 (20.7%) | 63 (25.6%) | 31 (36.9%) | 0.013 |
| COPD | 0 | 119 (26.6%) | 17 (14.7%) | 70 (28.2%) | 32 (38.1%) | <0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation/flutter | 0 | 284 (63.4%) | 68 (58.6%) | 155 (62.5%) | 61 (72.6%) | 0.050 |
| Depression | 1 | 179 (40.0%) | 30 (25.9%) | 108 (43.7%) | 41 (48.8%) | 0.001 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 49 | 57.1 (42–72) | 61.3 (47–71) | 57.7 (42–72) | 47.7 (39–66) | 0.024 |
| Anemia | 6 | 240 (54.3%) | 36 (31.3%) | 150 (61.7%) | 54 (64.3%) | <0.001 |
| Comorbidity index ≥3 | 2 | 299 (67.0%) | 58 (50.0%) | 175 (71.1%) | 66 (78.6%) | <0.001 |
| HF characteristics and severity indexes | ||||||
| EF (%) | 11 | 46.0±16.3 | 42.4±17.5 | 46.7±15.4 | 48.7±16.4 | 0.005 |
| Prevalent HF | 0 | 272 (60.7%) | 60 (51.7%) | 154 (62.1%) | 58 (69.1%) | 0.011 |
Values are mean ± SD, n (%), or median (interquartile range).
BMI = body mass index; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; EF = ejection fraction; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; HF = heart failure; MI = myocardial infarction.