Figure 3. Effect of loss of exposure on cytokine responses in immigrants compared to naïve individuals, all with a malaria episode.

Serum cytokine and chemokine concentrations in immigrants and travelers at different time-points during and after a malaria episode: during an acute malaria episode (day 0, black boxes) and at convalescence (day 7 dark grey, day 28 light grey). Data are presented as boxplots that illustrate the medians and the 25^th and 75^th quartile and the whiskers represent the 10% and 90% percentiles. Outliers are marked with circles. A Mann Whitney U test was performed for each comparison, and significant P values (P<0.05) are shown.