Table 1. Description of study participants.
|
Immigrants
|
Travelers
|
Semi-Immunes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Malaria | No Malaria | Malaria | No malaria | Malaria |
| N | |||||
| Day 0 | 55 | 17 | 22 | 21 | 90 |
| Day 7 | 31 | na | 14 | na | na |
| Day 28 | 11 | na | 6 | na | na |
| Age, median IQR (years)d | 34 (29,43) | 36 (30,44) | 31 (28,38) | 31 (28,38) | 26 (19,36) |
| Sexe, n (%) | |||||
| Males | 40 (72.7) | 7 (41.18) | 15 (75) | 9 (42.86) | 52 (53) |
| Origin area, n (%) | |||||
| Europe | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 17 (85) | 21 (100) | 0 (0) |
| Africa | 54 (100) | 17 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 90 (100) |
| Others | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (15) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Time since immigration, median IQR (years) | 7 (5,14) | 4 (1,8) | na | na | na |
| Number of returns, n (%) | |||||
| 0 | 5 (9.6) | 6 (42.86) | na | na | na |
| 1-2 | 11 (21.2) | 2 (14.29) | na | na | na |
| 3-4 | 26 (50) | 3 (21.43) | na | na | na |
| >5 | 10 (19.2) | 3 (21.43) | na | na | na |
| Parasitemia by microscopy | |||||
| median IQR (%)f | 0.4 (0.02; 1.5) | na | 0.075 (0.01;0.8) | na | nd |
| median IQR (parasites/μl) | nd | na | nd | na | 35379 (14338; 61176) |
| Symptoms, n (%) | |||||
| Fever | na | 7 (41.18) | na | 12 (57.14) | na |
| Nauseas, epigastralgia | na | 3 (17.65) | na | 2 (9.52) | na |
| Discomfort, arthralgia, anxiety | na | 3 (17.65) | na | 1 (4.76) | na |
| Respiratory infection | na | 1 (5.88) | na | 1 (4.76) | na |
| Cough | na | 1 (5.88) | na | 0 (0) | na |
| Ketoacidosis | na | 1 (5.88) | na | 0 (0) | na |
| Lung abscess | na | 1 (5.88) | na | 0 (0) | na |
| Diarrhea n (%) | na | 0 (0) | na | 4 (19.05) | na |
| Skin lesion | na | 0 (0) | na | 1 (4.76) | na |
Abbreviations: na, not applicable; nd, not determined; IQR, Interquartile range
a Immigrants returned from visiting their countries of origin: Cameroon (n=3, 5.5%), Ghana (n=8, 14.6%), Guinea-Conakry (n=4, 7.3%), Equatorial Guinea (n=12, 21.8%), Gambia (n=8, 4.6%), Mali (n= 4, 7.3%), Mauritania (n=1, 1.8%), Mozambique (n=1, 1.8%), Nigeria (n=6, 10.9%) and Senegal (n=7, 12.7%). Data was missing for one immigrant.
b Immigrants without malaria were from Benin (n=1, 5.9%), Burkina Faso (n=2, 11.8%), Guinea-Conakry (n=2, 11.8%), Equatorial Guinea (n=2, 11.8%), Gambia (n=1, 5.9%), Kenya (n=1, 5.9%), Mali (n=3, 17.7%), Mauritania (n=1, 5.9%), Mozambique (n=1, 5.9%), Nigeria (n=1, 5.9%), Senegal (n=1, 5.9%) and Sudan (n=1, 5.9%).
c Travelers came from Burkina Faso & Mali & Senegal (n=1, 5.0%), Burkina Faso (n=3, 15.0%), Burkina Faso & Mali & Ghana & Togo (n=1, 5.0%), Ivory Coast (n=1, 5.0%), Guinea-Conakry (n=1, 5.0%), Equatorial Guinea (n=3, 15.0%), Gambia & Senegal (n=1, 5.0%), Madagascar (n=1, 5.0%), Mali (n=1, 5.0%), Mozambique (n=2, 10.0%), Mozambique & South Africa (n=1, 5.0%), Senegal (n=3, 15.0%) and Sierra Leone & Senegal (n=1, 5.0%). Data was missing for two travelers.
d P=0.0001 Kruskal Wallis test.
e P=0.0140 χ2 test.
f P=0.0890 Mann-Whitney test.