Table 2. Bivariate multilevel determinants for high risk adult mortality areas using an ecological framework, South Africa, 2007.
| High risk local municipalities | Remaining local municipalities | ||||
| Factors | N (168 774) | (95% CI) | N (471 983) | (95% CI) | P-value i |
| Individual characteristics | |||||
| Mean age | 168 774 | 26.80 (26.72,26.87) | 471 983 | 29.00 (28.95,29.04) | <0.001 |
| Percentage female | 168 774 | 53.14 (52.97,53.32) | 471 983 | 51.29 (51.17,51.40) | <0.001 |
| Percentage African | 168 774 | 89.60 (89.49,89.70) | 471 983 | 72.00 (71.90,72.10) | 0.010 |
| Education | 155 010 | 422 296 | 0.128 | ||
| Percentage with no education | 11.22 (11.09,11.35) | 9.20 (9.12,9.27) | |||
| Percentage with primary level | 40.57 (40.38,40.77) | 34.23 (34.11,34.35) | |||
| Percentage with secondary level | 46.69 (46.49,46.89) | 53.72 (53.60,53.85) | |||
| Percentage with tertiary level | 1.52 (1.47,1.57) | 2.85 (2.81,2.89) | |||
| Marital status | 155 010 | 422 296 | <0.001 | ||
| Percentage union (non-poly) | 22.15 (22.00,22.31) | 29.29 (29.18,29.40) | |||
| Percentage union (poly) | 0.055 (0.046,0.064) | 0.046 (0.041,0.051) | |||
| Percentage never married | 71.43 (71.26,71.60) | 64.73 (64.62,64.85) | |||
| Percentage widower/widow | 5.23(5.14,5.31) | 4.02 (3.98,4.07) | |||
| Percentage with serious disability | 155 010 | 2.97 (2.90,3.03) | 422 296 | 2.27 (2.24,2.31) | 0.006 |
| Percentage with no monthly income | 168 774 | 45.86 (45.68,46.03) | 471 983 | 41.23 (41.12,41.35) | <0.001 |
| Household characteristics | |||||
| Mean occupants | 168 774 | 3.50 (3.48,3.52) | 471 983 | 2.88 (2.87,2.89) | <0.001 |
| Percentage living in a modern dwelling | 168 774 | 41.47 (41.14,41.80) | 471 983 | 50.58 (50.39,50.77) | 0.002 |
| Mean absolute asset count | 153 722 | 2.94 (2.93,2.96) | 418 764 | 3.58 (3.57,3.59) | 0.017 |
| Services | 168 774 | 471 983 | |||
| Percentage with no water service provider | 25.59 (25.29,25.88) | 10.15 (10.03,10.26) | 0.002 | ||
| Percentage with no toilet facilities | 12.84 (12.61.13.06) | 5.23 (5.15,5.32) | 0.003 | ||
| Percentage with no refuse removal | 8.63 (8.45.8.84) | 4.69 (4.60,4.77) | 0.013 | ||
| Percentage with none of the above | 2.62 (2.5.2.73) | 0.66 (0.63,0.69) | 0.001 | ||
| Percentage with no annual income | 168 774 | 6.97 (6.80,7.15) | 471 983 | 5.45 (5.36,5.54) | 0.018 |
| Local municipality deaths in pregnancy per 100 000 live births | 168 774 | 240.54 (173.68,307.41) | 471 983 | 54.35 (35.52,73.19) | <0.001 |
| District antenatal HIV sero-prevalence (%) | 168 774 | 31.67 (30.10,33.24) | 471 983 | 24.46 (23.01,25.90) | <0.001 |
i
Robust logistic regression for categorical variables and linear regression for comparison of means were employed. Note these formulations were used in place of standard χ2 and t- tests respectively to allow for clustering on the unit of analysis (quaternary level) and thus correctly adjust the standard errors (robust) and not erroneously overestimate significance.