Table 2. Prevalence of major virulence factors and resistance determinants in 317 SAB isolates.
| Virulence factors | Gene/[Microarray label] | Isolates positive [%] |
| egc gene cluster | seg, sei, sem, sen, seo, seu | 57.1% |
| Enterotoxin A | sea | 35.1% |
| Enterotoxin B | seb | 9.1% |
| Enterotoxin C | sec | 17.4% |
| Enterotoxin D/J/R | sed, sej, ser | 9.1% |
| Hemolysin beta | hlb | 62.8% |
| Leukocidin D/E | lukD, lukE | 59.0%, 58.0% |
| Staphylococcal superantigen-like protein-3,-6,-8,-11 | [ssl3, ssl6, ssl8, ssl11] | 71.0%, 40.4%, 63.7%, 51.7% |
| Staphylokinase | sak | 83.0% |
| Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 | tst1 | 11.0% |
| Capsule types, MSCRAMMs and biofilm genes | ||
| Capsule type 8 | [capH8/I8/J8/K8] | 59.9% |
| Capsule type 5 | [capH5/I5/J5/K5] | 39.7% |
| Cell wall-associated fibronectin-binding protein | ebh | 92.7% |
| Collagen-binding adhesin | cna | 42.6% |
| Fibronectin-binding protein B | fnbB | 81.7% |
| S. aureus surface protein G | sasG | 49.8% |
| Resistance determinants | ||
| Aminoglycoside adenyltransferase (tobramycin resistance) | aadD | 6.6% |
| Beta-lactamase | blaR, blaZ, (blaI) | 70.7% (71.0%) |
| Macrolide, lincosamide, streptogramin resistance | ermC | 6.0% |
| Metallothiol transferase (fosfomycin resistance) | fosB | 59.6% |
| Penicillin binding-protein 2 (methicillin resistance) | mecA | 10.1% |
| Tetracycline efflux protein | [tetEfflux] | 92.7% |
| Others | ||
| Bone sialoprotein-binding protein | bbp | 88.3% |
| Chemotaxis-inhibiting protein (CHIPS) | chp | 63.4% |
| Hemolysin gamma A component | hlgA | 93.1% |
| Lysylphosphatidylglycerol synthetase | mprF | 88.3% |
| Staphylococcal complement inhibitor | scn | 93.4 |
| Staphylococcal exotoxin-like protein | setB1 | 77.3% |
| Serine protease A/B/E | splA, splB, splE | 59.9%, 59.3%, 51.7% |
Genes encoding exfoliative toxin serotype A and B (etA, etB), exfoliative toxin D (etD), PVL (lukF-PV, lukS-PV) were detected in <5% of isolates. Fusidic acid resistance (far1), surface protein involved in biofilm formation (bap) genes and capsule type 1 genes (capH1/I1/J1/K1) were not detected.
Genes encoding staphylococcal superantigen-like protein-1,-2,-4,-5,-7,-9,-10 (ssl-genes), clumping factor A/B (clfA/B), hemolysin alpha (hla), aureolysin (aur), intercellular adhesion protein A/C (icaA, icaC) and biofilm PIA synthesis protein D (icaD), fibronectin-binding protein A (fnbA), fibrinogen binding protein (fib) were detected in >95% of isolates. The hemolysin delta gene (hld) was found in 100% of isolates.