Table 2.

Agents demonstrated to prevent or avoid organic nitrate tolerance in vivo

Agent	ORN Examined	Likely Mechanism	Experimental Model	References
ALDA-1	NTG	ALDH2 upregulation	Normal Rats	96
Atorvastatin	NTG	Anti-oxidant	Health Volunteers	95
Captopril	ISDN	RAS pathway modulation and anti- oxidant	CAD Patients	101
Carvedilol	NTG	Anti-oxidant	HTN Patients	93
Folic Acid	NTG	Anti-oxidant	Health Volunteers	90,91
Hydralazine	NTG	Anti-oxidant and vasodilation	CHF-induced Rats	94
			Normal Rabbit	139
Hydrochlorothiazide with amiloride	ISDN	Diuresis	CAD Patients	100
L-arginine	NTG	eNOS mediated	CAD patients	140
Lipoic acid	NTG	Anti-oxidant	Normal Rats	92
Losartan	ISDN	RAS pathway modulation	CAD Patients	101
MBCQ	NTG	PDE inhibition	Normal Rats	105
N-acetylcysteine	NTG	Anti-oxidant and thiol supplementation	CHF Patients	86
Pravastatin/atorvastatin	NTG	Anti-oxidant	Normal Rats	141
Vitamin C	IS-5-MN	Anti-oxidant	Health Volunteers	80
Vitamin C	NTG	Anti-oxidant	CHF Patients	87
Vitamin E	NTG	Anti-oxidant	Obese Zucker Rat	142
			Health Volunteers and CAD patients	89

CHF=congestive heart failure, HTN=hypertension, CAD=coronary artery disease, MBCQ=4-[[3,4-(Methylenedioxy)benzyl]amino]-6-chloroquinazoline