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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Genes Immun. 2013 May 9;14(6):347–355. doi: 10.1038/gene.2013.22

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

The Toll-like Receptor (TLR) signaling pathway is initiated via activation of TLRs, followed by adaptor complex formation, IRAK and/or TRAF6 activation to induce subsequent MAPK, NFκB, and interferon regulatory factor (IRF) activation, nuclear translocation and regulation of pro- or anti-inflammatory gene expression. Abbreviations: LPS, lipopolysaccharides; PGN, proteoglycans; LTA, lipoteichoic acid; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; IRAK, interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase; MAPKs, mitogen-activated protein kinases.