Table 3. Systemic and topical OVA sensitizations induce retinoic acid synthesis and dysregulate retinoid-mediated signaling in skin of mice.

		Fold change
Gene name	Symbol	OVA i.p.	OVA i.p.+e.c.
Retinal synthesis
Short chain dehydrogenase/reductase 16C5	Sdr16c5	1.7±0.2*	1.8±0.2*
Retinol dehydrogenase 10	Rdh10	1.1±0.1	1.3±0.1
Retinoic acid synthesis
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1	Aldh1a1	1.8±0.2	2.4±0.4**
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A2	Aldh1a2	0.5±0	3.9±1.3* #
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A31	Aldh1a3	4.8±0.4**	4.0±0.8**
Retinoid receptors
Retinoic acid receptor α	Rara	0.8±0.1	1.0±0.1
Retinoic acid receptor β1	Rarb	0.8±0.1	0.9±0.1
Retinoic acid receptor γ	Rarg	0.8±0.1	1.3±0.2#
Retinoid X receptor α	Rxra	0.7±0.1	1.6±0.2* ###
RAR target genes involved in retinoid signaling
Retinoic acid degradation
Cytochrome P450 26A1	Cyp26a1	2.1±0.7	7.9±2.2** #
Cytochrome P450 26B1	Cyp26b1	0.6±0.1	1.9±0.2* ##
Retinoid transport proteins
Cellular retinol binding protein 1	Rbp1	3.5±0.2***	3.0±0.2***
Cellular retinoic acid binding protein 2	Crabp2	1.3±0.1	1.4±0.1
Retinol esterification
Lecithin-retinol acyltransferase	Lrat	2.4±0.3	2.5±0.7
Further RAR target genes not involved in retinoid signaling
Keratin 4	Krt4	0.6±0.2	0.3±0*
Retinoic acid receptor responder 2	Rarres2	0.5±0.1*	0.6±0.1
Transglutaminase 2	Tgm2	0.9±0.1	0.7±0.1

e.c., epicutaneous; i.p., intraperitoneal; OVA, ovalbumin.

¹RAR target genes.

Fold change data are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 6) and were determined in skin specimen of sensitized mice by TLDA. Statistical significance (p) was tested using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test.

^* p<0.05,

^** p<0.01,

^*** p<0.001, versus control (PBS i.p.);

^# p<0.05,

^## p<0.01, and ^### p<0.001, versus OVA i.p.