Table 1.

Maternal and child baseline characteristics

	Placebo	Multivitamin
	(N=1006)	(N=1002)
Maternal characteristic
Age (y)	28.4±5.0a	28.3±5.0
Education (%)
<8 y	80	78
≥8 y	20	22
Employment (%)
Housewife without income	65	68
Housewife with income	16	13
Others	19	19
Possessions (%)
Have a sofa	74	72
Have a television	41	41
Have a radio	79	79
Have a refrigerator	24	25
Daily food expenditure per person (%)
≤500 T Shillingsb	50	54
>500 T Shillings	50	46
Marital status (%)
Single	13	13
Married/living with partner	87	87
Prior pregnancies (%)
0	22	22
1–3	70	70
>3	8	8
Gestational age at enrolment (wk)	24.5±5.6	24.1±5.5
Body mass index (%)
<18.5 kg/m2	4	4
18.5 – <25 kg/m2	55	57
25.0 – <30 kg/m2	31	30
≥30 kg/m2	10	9
Haemoglobin (%)
<11 g/dL	30	30
≥11 g/dL	70	70
CD4+ count, cells/mm3 (%)
<200 cells/mm3	9	9
200 – <350 cells/mm3	18	22
≥ 350 cells/mm3	73	68
WHO disease stage (%)
I/II	87	89
III/IV	13	11
On anti-retroviral therapy during pregnancy (%)	20	21
Child characteristics
Male (%)	53	54
Birth weight (kg)	3.1±0.5	3.1±0.5
Low birth weight <2.5 kg (%)	6	6
Prematurity, <37 weeks, (%)	15	14
Weight at baseline (kg)	4.5±0.7	4.5±0.7
Length/height-for-age z-score at baseline	−0.4 (1.3)	−0.3 (1.3)
Weight-for-length/height z-score at baseline	−0.2 (1.3)	−0.1 (1.2)
Weight-for-age z-score at baseline	−0.5 (1.1)	−0.4 (1.1)
Haemoglobin at baseline (g/dL)	10.4 (1.6)	10.4 (1.5)
Haemoglobin<10 g/dL (%)	42	40
HIV positive at baseline (%)	9	9
Received ART during study period (%)	5	5
CD4+ percentage at baseline	37.3 (10.4)	37.5 (11.1)
Duration of exclusive breastfeeding (months)	3.5 (2.1)	3.7 (2.1)

^aMean±standard deviation (all such values).

^b1250 T Shillings≈ 1 USD.