FIGURE 3.

Left, Andrzej Joachimiak (left), Paul Sigler (middle), and Zbyszek Otwinowski (right) in 1989, inspecting a crystallographic model of the trp repressor-operator complex, a structure they had recently solved. Middle, Kerstin Braig generated the first well diffracting crystals of GroEL in 1993. Right, David Boisvert, here in 1995, provided major impetus to the crystallization work. He worked on a monoclinic crystal form of GroEL and solved the structure of GroEL-ATPγS (work that was carried out with help from Jimin Wang). Note that many members of the Sigler lab, including Dan Gewirth, Greg Van Duyne, and Rashmi Hegde, also contributed to the GroEL structure determination, helping particularly with data collection and refinement. Refinement efforts ultimately relied heavily on the group of Axel Brunger (e.g. Ref. 41).