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Dukhins vortices near the cation-exchange granules that were generated by a 70 V/cm external field were visualized using fluorescent microspheres (latex micro-particles of 2 μm inner diameter (i.d.) tagged with fluorescein dyes) in buffers with differing basicity: (a) buffer pH 8 and (b) buffer pH 11. The red dashed-line circles indicate the vortex size. The larger vortex size at pH 11 became less defined.
