Figure 3.

Mean and 95% confidence intervals of speakers' responses to the F1 perturbation. Response contours for each formant are plotted as a function of time. The panels in the left column show response contours during production of /Λ/, and the panels in the right column show response contours during production of /ɝ/. Within each column, the response contours are displayed in order of increasing formant number. The onsets of significant responses to the F1 perturbation are depicted with dashed vertical lines when present.