Table 1.
Description of Study Variables
| Total M(SD)/% |
Subsidy recipients M(SD)/% |
Eligible non- recipients M(SD)/% |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 1,400 | 400 | 1,000 |
| Covariates (drawn from 9-month or 2-year wave) | |||
| Maternal race | |||
| White | 39.0 | 45.4* | 36.7 |
| Black | 25.7 | 25.3 | 25.8 |
| Hispanic | 28.9 | 24.1 | 30.6 |
| Asian/other | 6.5 | 5.2 | 6.9 |
| Maternal education | |||
| < HS education | 24.2 | 17.9* | 26.4 |
| HS diploma / GED | 43.8 | 40.1 | 45.2 |
| Some college | 27.5 | 34.1* | 25.1 |
| BA or higher | 4.5 | 7.9* | 3.3 |
| Mother is single | 35.6 | 40.4 | 33.9 |
| Mother is proficient in English | 86.2 | 91.1* | 84.3 |
| Mother < age 20 at focal child’s birth | 20.0 | 15.2* | 21.7 |
| Number of children in HH, ≤ age 6 | 0.7 (0.8) | 0.6 (0.7) | 0.7 (0.8) |
| Number of children in HH, ≥ age 7 | 0.6 (0.9) | 0.5 (0.8) | 0.6 (1.0) |
| Family lives in an urban area | 68.8 | 70.8 | 68.1 |
| Maternal employment | |||
| Mother works full-time | 37.6 | 44.2* | 35.2 |
| Mother works part-time | 17.2 | 18.9 | 16.6 |
| Mother is in school/job training/looking for work | 19.8 | 16.9 | 20.8 |
| Mother not in labor force | 25.4 | 20.0 | 27.4 |
| Child has a diagnosed disability | 11.2 | 13.5 | 10.3 |
| Child is male | 53.8 | 53.7 | 53.9 |
| Child received non-parental care at age 2 | 53.7 | 60.3 | 51.3 |
| Child received a subsidy at age 2 | 18.1 | 24.7** | 15.7 |
| Potential mediators (drawn from preschool wave) | |||
| Family experienced food insecurity | 25.9 | 21.5 | 27.5 |
| Child care setting | |||
| Head Start | 26.8 | 0.0 | 36.6 |
| Public pre-k | 12.5 | 0.0 | 17.1 |
| Community-based center | 31.0 | 70.3 | 16.7 |
| Home-based care | 29.7 | 29.8 | 29.6 |
| Child care quality | 4.2 (1.2) | 3.8* (1.2) | 4.3 (1.2) |
| Family experienced food insecurity | 41.2 | 37.4 | 42.6 |
| Cognitive stimulation in the home | 12.7 (3.2) | 12.8 (3.0) | 12.6 (3.3) |
| Months in care with current provider | 12.2 (13.9) | 15.1 (14.6) | 11.0 (13.4) |
| $ amount parent pays for care | 99 (185) | 124 (233) | 91 (165) |
| Child’s earlier skills (drawn from 2-year wave) | |||
| Cognition | 125.0 (10.3) | 125.0 (10.5) | 125.0 (10.2) |
| Adaptive behavior | 3.4 (0.8) | 3.3 (0.8) | 3.4 (0.9) |
| School readiness indicators (drawn from kindergarten wave) | |||
| Reading | 39.5 (13.5) | 40.9 (14.4) | 39.0 (13.1) |
| Math | 40.3 (9.6) | 40.5 (9.7) | 40.3 (9.6) |
| Teacher-reported externalizing behavior | 2.1 (0.9) | 2.2 (0.9) | 2.1 (0.9) |
| Teacher-reported prosocial behavior | 3.7 (0.7) | 3.8 (0.7) | 3.7 (0.7) |
| Teacher-reported approaches to learning | 3.6 (0.8) | 3.6 (0.8) | 3.6 (0.8) |
Note. Data from ECLS-B 9-month-Kindergarten Restricted Use Data File. All Ns rounded to nearest 50 per NCES requirements. Standard errors are jackknife standard errors. All estimates are weighted by replicate weights WK45T1-WK45T90.
**
p< .01,
*
p < .05.