Table 3.

Associations Between Subsidy Receipt and Social-Emotional School Readiness in Kindergarten

	Externalizing behavior problems				Prosocial behavior				Approaches to learning
	Model 1		Model 2		Model 1		Model 2		Model 1		Model 2
	B	SE	B	SE	B	SE	B	SE	B	SE	B	SE
Subsidy receipt	−0.01	0.07	−0.08	0.12	0.12	0.08	0.18	0.14	−0.01	0.08	−0.03	0.13
Head Start			−0.04	0.10			0.12	0.12			0.05	0.12
Public Pre-k			−0.06	0.12			0.09	0.16			−0.04	0.15
Home-based care			−0.22	0.12			0.26	0.12*			0.12	0.12
Subsidy receipt*home-based care			0.14	0.20			−0.03	0.19			0.08	0.20
Post-hoc comparisons
Subsidy in CBC - Head Start			ns				ns				ns
Subsidy in CBC - Public Pre-k			ns				ns				ns
Subsidy in CBC - Subsidy in home-based care			ns				ns				ns
Subsidy in CBC - No subsidy in home-based care			ns				ns				ns
Subsidy in home-based care - Head Start			ns				ns				ns
Subsidy in home-based care - Public Pre-k			ns				ns				ns
Subsidy in home-based care - No subsidy in home-based care			ns				ns				ns
N	1,400		1,400		1,400		1,400		1,400		1,400

Note: Data are from ECLS-B 9-month-Kindergarten Restricted Use Data File; standard errors are jackknife standard errors.

All estimates are weighted by replicate weights WK45T1-WK45T90; CBC = community-based center; ns = not significant.

All models controlled for the following covariates, drawn from the baseline (9-month) or 2-year waves: maternal race, maternal education, maternal marital status, maternal employment, maternal English proficiency, maternal age at focal child’s birth, # of children in home ≤ age 6, # of children in home ≥ age 7, urbanicity, household food insecurity, child disability status, child sex, child age, wave child first entered kindergarten, prior receipt of non-parental care, prior subsidy receipt, and an earlier measure of the appropriate outcome.

The omitted group in Model 1 is children who did not receive subsidies; the omitted group in Model 2 is unsubsidized children in CBC care.

^***p<.001,

^**p<.01,

^*p<.05.