Comparison of the size of large hRad54 complexes bound to DNA in the presence of ATP and proteins of known size. SFM image of a mixture of hRad54, RNA polymerase, and Ku70/80 bound to the different DNA substrates. Upper left, circular DNA–hRad54 complex (hRad54 monomer is 87.8 kDa); lower left, RNA polymerase (450 kDa) bound to a long linear DNA (partially shown); lower middle, three Ku70/80 heterodimers (155 kDa) bound to a short linear DNA.