Table 5.

Significant physical properties of several of the most common bioceramics used as biomaterials [70].

Material	Density (g/cm3)	Tensile strength (MPa)	Compressive strength (MPa)	Modulus (GPa)	Fracture toughness K 1c (MPa m1/2)	Hardness (Knoop)	Mass fraction α (ppm/°C)	Fracture surface energy (J/m2)	Poisson's ratio	Thermal conductivity k (Wm−1K−1)
Hydroxyapatite	3.1	40–300	300–900	80–120	0.6–1.0	400–4500	11	2.3–20	0.28	N/A
Tricalcium phosphate	3.14	40–120	450–650	90–120	1.2	N/A	14-15	6.3–8.1	N/A	N/A
Bioglasses	1.8–2.9	20–350	800–1200	40–140	~2	4000–5000	0–14	14–50	0.21–0.24	1.5–3.6
Wollastonite glass ceramic	3.07	215	1080	118	2	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
SiO2 glass	2.2	70–120	N/A	~70	0.7–0.8	7000–7500	0.6	3.5–4.6	0.17	1.5
Al2O3	3.85–3.99	270–500	3000–5000	380–410	3–6	15000–20000	6–9	7.6–30	0.27	30
Zirconia ceramics	5.6–5.89	500–650	1850	195–210	5–8	~17000	9.8	160–350	0.27	4.11
Si3N4	3.18	600–850	500–2500	300–320	3.5–8.0	~22000	3.2	20–100	0.27	10–25
Silicon carbide	3.10–3.21	250–600	~650	350–450	3–6	~27000	4.3–5.5	22–40	0.24	100–150
Graphite	1.5–2.25	5.6–25	35–80	3.5–12	1.9–3.5	N/A	1–3	~500	0.3	120–180
Multiceramics	1.5–2.2	200–700	330–360	25–40	N/A	N/A	1–10	N/A	0.3	2.5–420
Carbon fiber	1.5–1.8	400–5000	330–360	200–700	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Glassy carbon	1.4–1.6	150–250	~690	25–40	N/A	8200	2.2–3.2	N/A	N/A	N/A