Table 1.

Observational Codes and Definitions

Codes	Categories and Definitions	Modifiers and Definitions
Breastfeeding session	The infant’s mouth is over the nipple on the breast until the removal of the infant’s moth from the breast. A new breastfeeding session is defined by at least 5 minutes separating the removal of the infant’s mouth from the breast and onset of the infant’s mouth on the breast.	None.
Total breastfeeding effort	The combination of breastfeeding sessions and breastfeeding attempts. Breastfeeding attempts: infant’s mouth is put to the breast, but no latching and/or suckling is observed.	None.
Infant Location	Side-car: infant is located in the side-car bassinet. Stand-alone: infant is located in the standalone cot. Maternal bed: infant is located on the maternal bed. Other: infant is in the hospital room, but held by the mother, midwife, or other (not while sitting on the maternal bed). Out of room: the infant is located place other than the observed hospital room.	Infant surface. Mattress: the infant is located in the side-car, stand-alone or maternal bed and the primary surface upon which the infant is positioned is on the mattress of that location. Mother: the infant is located in the maternal bed or on the mother while she is otherwise in the room and the primary surface upon which the infant is positioned is on the mother’s body. Pillow: the infant is located in the side-car, stand-alone, or maternal bed and he primary surface upon which the infant is positioned is on a pillow.
Infant Risk	Risk: infant appears to be in a situation that is hazardous, or potentially dangerous. No risk: infant does not appear to be in a situation that could cause immediate harm	Type of risk. Position: the infant is asleep on his/her stomach on a surface other than the mother. Falling: the infant is in a precarious position in a location with no means of fall prevention. Suffocation: the infant’s airways are covered. Entrapment: the infant is wedged between two surfaces in a location. Overlaying: the infant is trapped under the mother. Other: the infant is in a different hazardous situation (specify)..
Mother-infant physical contact	In contact: mother and infant are in physical contact. This could be partial or whole body contact. Not in contact: mother and infant are not in physical contact. The infant could be within the mother’s arm reach, beyond mom’s arm reach in the same room, or in a different room.	None.
Sleep status	Awake: eyes open and/or substantial movements. Asleep: eyes closed with limited movements, such as twitching.	None.
Midwife present	In: midwife is visually located in the observation room and/or heard directly speaking to the participant. Out: midwife is not visually located in the observation room or heard directly speaking to the participant.	None.

All behaviors were continuously coded as states, which is a measure of frequency and duration. For all codes, indeterminate was recorded if the video was recording, but visual and audio data made the behavior indiscernible. For all codes, no data was recorded if the video was turned off.