Table 2.
Demographics for cohorts with diabetes mellitus n (%)
| Type 1 diabetes only | Type 1 diabetes plus comorbidity | Type 2 diabetes only | Type 2 diabetes plus comorbidity | |
| Patients | 31 | 19 | 228 | 91 |
| Duration of disease (mo) | 316 ± 26 | 310 ± 25 | 107 ± 7 | 150 ± 12a |
| HbA1c level (%) | 11.2 ± 1.4 | 11.7 ± 1.6 | 9.8 ± 0.2 | 11.2 ± 0.3a |
| Age (yr) | 50 ± 7 | 54 ± 8 | 62.0 ± 1.8 | 61.0 ± 1.4 |
| Sex (male) | 17 (55) | 12 (63) | 91 (40) | 36 (40) |
| Nature of comorbidities | 15 (79) | 63 (69) | ||
| lipid disorder | ||||
| Low cobalamin/elevated MMA | 9 (47) | 36 (40) | ||
| Monoclonal gammopathy | 2 (11) | 4 (4) | ||
| Thyroid disease | 5 (26) | 11 (12) | ||
| Uremia | 7 (37) | 13 (14) | ||
| Autoimmune diseases | 4 (21) | 8 (9) | ||
| Alcoholism | 3 (16) | 10 (11) | ||
| Hypertension | 13 (68) | 74 (81) | ||
| Medications | ||||
| Insulin | 31 (100) | 19 (100) | 55 (23) | 24 (26) |
| Metformin | 198 (86) | 80 (88) | ||
| Glyburide | 155 (68) | 63 (69) | ||
| Gliclazide | 41 (18) | 11 (12) | ||
| Statins/Ezetemide | 21 (68) | 9 (47) | 146 (64) | 48 (53) |
| Blood pressure medications | 22 (71) | 14 (74) | 118 (52) | 57 (62) |
| Thyroid replacement | 12 (39) | 5 (26) | 38 (17) | 14 (15) |
| SSRIs | 4 (13) | 2 (11) | 28 (12) | 16 (18) |
| Anxiolytics/Sedatives | 8 (26) | 3 (16) | 48 (21) | 13 (14) |
| NSAIDs | 12 (39) | 9 (47) | 104 (46) | 55 (60) |
| Acetaminophen | 6 (19) | 3 (16) | 37 (16) | 17 (19) |
| Gabapentin | 5 (16) | 4 (21) | 41 (18) | 15 (16) |
| Pregabalin | 4 (13) | 3 (16) | 36 (16) | 11 (12) |
| Codeine | 3 (10) | 4 (21) | 31 (13) | 8 (9) |
| Amitriptyline | 3 (10) | 3 (16) | 25 (11) | 6 (7) |
| Oxycocet | 1 (3) | 2 (11) | 18 (8) | 4 (4) |
| Nortriptyline | 1 (3) | 1 (5) | 12 (5) | 4 (4) |
| Duloxetine | 2 (6) | 3 (16) | 22 (10) | 5 (5) |
| Venlafaxine | 3 (10) | 2 (11) | 25 (11) | 4 (4) |
| Fentanyl | 1 (3) | 2 (11) | 6 (3) | 3 (3) |
| Tramadol | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | 8 (3) | 2 (2) |
| Morphine | 0 (0) | 2 (11) | 7 (3) | 3 (3) |
a
P < 0.05 vs type 2 diabetes only and type 2 diabetes plus comorbidity cohort. MMA: Methylmalonic acid; SSRIs: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; NSAIDs: Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.