Table 2.
Summary of studies investigating biomarkers of antioxidants, hemostasis, lipid peroxidation, and inflammation with different types of diets
| Biomarker | Control diet | Effect of canola/LEAR oil | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Antioxidants | |||
| α-tocopherol | Baseline SFA diet | Increase | Gustafsson et al. (1994)26 |
| SO diet | No change | Gustafsson et al. (1994)26 | |
| SFA diet | No change | Södergren et al. (2001)34 | |
| γ-tocopherol | Baseline SFA diet | No change | Gustafsson et al. (1994)26 |
| SO diet | Increase | Gustafsson et al. (1994)26 | |
| SFA diet | Increase | Södergren et al. (2001)34 | |
| Hemostasis | |||
| Platelet aggregation | Safflower diet | No change | Kwon et al. (1991)65 |
| Baseline SFA diet | Decrease | Kwon et al. (1991)65 | |
| Collagen-induced platelet aggregation | High-SFA diet/SO diet | No change | McDonald et al. (1989)28 |
| Thromboxane B2 | SO, OO, and FO/SO and OO/soybean oil diets | No change | Chan et al. (1993)68 |
| Safflower oil diet | No change | Kwon et al. (1991)65 | |
| High-SFA diet | No change | McDonald et al. (1989)28 | |
| 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2 | SFA diet | No change | Södergren et al. (2001)34 |
| 6-keto prostaglandin1α | SO, OO, and FO/SO and OO/soybean oil diets | No change | Chan et al. (1993)68 |
| High-SFA diet | Increase | McDonald et al. (1989)28 | |
| Factor VII coagulant activity (FVIIa) | Baseline habitual diet | Decrease | Iggman et al. (2011)38 |
| Baseline SFA diet | No change | Junker et al. (2001)51 | |
| Coagulation factor VIIc (FVllc) | Baseline habitual diet | No change | Junker et al. (2001)51 |
| Coagulation factor XII (FXIIc) | Baseline habitual diet | No change | Junker et al. (2001)51 |
| Coagulation factor XIIa (FXIIa) | Baseline habitual diet | No change | Junker et al. (2001)51 |
| Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 | Dairy fat diet | No change | Iggman et al. (2011)38 |
| Fibrinogen | Dairy fat diet | No change | Iggman et al. (2011)38 |
| Baseline SFA diet | No change | Junker et al. (2001)51 | |
| Pathromtin SL (FIXc) | Baseline SFA diet | No change | Junker et al. (2001)51 |
| Pathromtin SL (FXc) | Baseline SFA diet | No change | Junker et al. (2001)51 |
| Pathromtin SL (Fllc) | Baseline SFA diet | No change | Junker et al. (2001)51 |
| Pathromtin fragment (F1+2) | Baseline SFA diet | No change | Junker et al. (2001)51 |
| Procoagulant activity | Control diet | No change | Mendez et al. (1996)69 |
| ATP secretion | Baseline SFA diet | Decrease | Kwon et al. (1991)65 |
| Bleeding time | SO, OO, and FO/SO and OO/soybean oil diets | No change | Chan et al. (1993)68 |
| Mixed-fat SFA diet | Increase | McDonald et al. (1989)28 | |
| Lipid peroxidation | |||
| 8-iso prostaglandin2α | SFA diet | No change | Södergren et al. (2001)34 |
| Conjugated dienes | Palm oil | Decrease | Mutalib et al. (1995)43 |
| Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances | Palm oil | No change | Mutalib et al. (1995)43 |
| Glutathione peroxidase activity | Palm oil | Decrease | Mutalib et al. (1995)43 |
| Erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity | Palm oil | Decrease | Mutalib et al. (1995)43 |
| Hydroperoxides | SFA diet | No change | Södergren et al. (2001)34 |
| Malondialdehyde | SFA diet | No change | Södergren et al. (2001)34 |
| Inflammation | |||
| C-reactive protein | High-oleic CO and FO/high-SFA diets | No change | Gillingham et al. (2011)25 |
| Baseline SFA diet | No change | Junker et al. (2001)51 | |
| Interleukin-6 | High-oleic CO and FO/high-SFA diets | No change | Gillingham et al. (2011)25 |
| Cream/OO/potato/All-Bran diets | No change | Manning et al. (2008)70 | |
| sVCAM-1 | High-oleic CO and FO/high-SFA diets | No change | Gillingham et al. (2011)25 |
| sICAM-1 | High-oleic CO and FO/high-SFA diets | No change | Gillingham et al. (2011)25 |
| Soluble E-selectin | High-oleic CO and FO/high-SFA diets | No change | Gillingham et al. (2011)25 |
| P-selectin | Baseline SFA diet | No change | Junker et al. (2001)51 |
| L-selectin | Baseline SFA diet | No change | Junker et al. (2001)51 |
| Tumor necrosis factor | Diet without CO, arginine, and certain trace elements | Improved | Mendez et al. (1996)69 |
| Tumor necrosis factor-α | Cream/OO/potato/All-Bran diets | No change | Manning et al. (2008)70 |
| Interleukin-8 | Cream/OO/potato/All-Bran diets | No change | Manning et al. (2008)70 |
| Prostaglandin E2 | Diet without CO, arginine, and certain trace elements | Increase | Mendez et al. (1996)69 |
| Cortisol | Cream/OO/potato/All-Bran diets | No change | Manning et al. (2008)70 |
| Neutrophil oxidative burst | Diet without CO, arginine, and certain trace elements | No change | Mendez et al. (1996)69 |
| Lymphocyte proliferation | Diet without CO, arginine, and certain trace elements | No change | Mendez et al. (1996)69 |
Abbreviations: CO, canola oil; FO, flaxseed oil; OO, olive oil; SFA, saturated fatty acids; sICAM-1, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1; SO, sunflower oil;VCAM-1, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule.