. 2013 Jun 10;71(7):458–473. doi: 10.1111/nure.12048

Table 1.

Characteristics of studies included in the literature review database

Variable^References	Preload examples	No. of interventions	Percentage^a
Physical form
Liquid preloads¹¹^,²²^,²⁴^,²⁹^,⁴³–,⁶⁸	Custom-made beverages (e.g., milkshake with added nutrients), fruit juice, liquid yogurts, milk, soft drinks, smooth soup (e.g., with particles <1 mm), broth, sweetened water	121	48
Semisolid preloads⁹^,²⁸^,³⁹^,⁴³^,⁵¹^–⁵³^,⁵⁵^–⁵⁷^,⁶⁹^–⁷¹	Yogurts, jelly, pureed food, chunky soups, pasta soups, thickened milkshakes, pate-type food	69	27
Composite meal preloads²¹^,⁴⁷^,⁵¹^,⁵³^,⁵⁶^,⁶²^,⁶⁹^,⁷²^–⁷⁸	Any non-liquid served with water or a drink (e.g., cheese, crackers, and fruit juice; meat casserole with glass of water)	43	17
Solid preloads⁵²^,⁵⁷^,⁶⁴^,⁶⁹^,⁷³^,⁷⁹^–⁸²	Vegetables, salad, bread, sandwiches, whole fruit, cheese, meat, pasta	20	8
Sex
Male participants⁹^,¹¹^,²¹^,²²^,²⁴^,²⁸^,⁴⁴^,⁴⁵^,⁴⁷^–⁴⁹^,⁵¹^,⁵³^,⁵⁴^,⁵⁶^,⁵⁹^–⁶³^,⁶⁶^–⁶⁸^,⁷⁰^,⁷²^,⁷⁴^,⁷⁶^,⁷⁸^,⁸⁰	Data for male participants only	120	48
Female participants⁹^,¹¹^,²¹^,²²^,²⁴^,⁴³^,⁵⁰^,⁵¹^,⁵⁵^,⁵⁶^,⁶⁰^,⁶⁵^,⁶⁶^,⁶⁹^,⁷⁰^,⁸¹^,⁸²	Data for female participants only	90	35
Both sexes²⁹^,³⁹^,⁴⁶^,⁵²^,⁵⁷^,⁵⁸^,⁶⁴^,⁷¹^,⁷³^,⁷⁵^,⁷⁷^,⁷⁹	Grouped data for males and females	43	17
BMI and restrained eating
Lean participants⁹^,¹¹^,²¹^,²²^,²⁴^,²⁸^,³⁹^,⁴³^,⁴⁴^,⁴⁶^,⁴⁷^,⁴⁹^,⁵⁰^,⁵⁴^–⁵⁷^,⁵⁹^,⁶¹^–⁶³^,⁶⁵^–⁶⁹^,⁷¹^,⁷²^,⁷⁴^–⁸²	Data for non-overweight, non-obese participants	197	78
Non-lean participants²⁹^,⁴⁵^,⁴⁸^,⁵¹^–⁵³^,⁵⁸^,⁶⁰^,⁶⁴^,⁷⁰^,⁷³	Includes groups of lean plus overweight or obese subjects	56	22
Restrained eaters⁷⁰	Defined by validated eating behavior questionnaire (10 lean and 5 obese subjects)	15	6
Total interventions		253	100%

Percentage of number of interventions from total in database.