Table 2.
General Parenting Measures Used in the Field of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
| Parenting measures (full instrument, particular scales or revised/short versions) | Study |
|---|---|
| Parenting style instrument: Perceived parental involvement Perceived parental strictness (Psychological control) |
Kremers et al. 200336 Van der Horst et al. 20073 Pearson et al. 201037 De Bourdeaudhuij et al. 200938 Vereecken et al. 200939 Rodenburg et al. 201140 Rodenburg et al. 201241 |
| Parenting practices questionnaire or parenting styles and dimensions questionnaire: Authoritative parenting Authoritarian parenting Permissive parenting |
Brann and Skinner 200542 Blissett and Haycraft 200843 Topham et al. 201044 Johnson et al. 201245 Topham et al. 201146 |
| Child rearing practices report: Authoritative parenting Authoritarian parenting |
Gable and Lutz 200047 Chen et al. 200548 Chen et al. 200849 |
| Authoritative parenting index: Authoritative parenting Nonauthoritative parenting |
Schmitz et al. 200250 Lytle et al. 200351 |
| Parental authority questionnaire: Authoritative parenting Authoritarian parenting Permissive parenting |
Agras et al. 200452 Musher-Eizenman and Holub 200653 |
| Attitudes toward child-rearing scales: Authoritarian subscale Democratic subscale |
Chen and Kennedy 200454 Chen and Kennedy 200555 |
| Parenting dimensions: Parental responsiveness (caring and communication) Parental demandingness (strictness) |
Berge et al. 201056 Berge et al. 201057 |
| Parenting dimensions inventory: Nurturance Amount of control |
Hennessy et al. 201058 Olvera & Power 201059 |
| Parenting dimensions (measure unknown): Harsh or overprotective parenting Inadequate (lax) supervision |
Mustillo et al. 200360 |
| Abbreviated self-report measure of family functioning: Democratic style Permissive style Authoritarian style |
Mendelson et al. 199561 |
| Paternal parenting style: Care Clear behavioral regulation Help Maturity expectations Lack of punishment High achievement expectations Immaturity expectations Psychological punishment Punishment by withholding privileges Harsh punishment Praise |
Kim et al. 200862 |
| Parenting scales (observations and questionnaire): Sensitivity to child's need (supportive presence, respect for autonomy, reversed hostility; standardized interaction task during laboratory visit) Expectations for self-control (measure unknown) |
Rhee et al. 200663 |
| Parenting scale: Laxness (permissive, inconsistent discipline) Overreactivity (harsh, authoritarian discipline) Verbosity (reliance on talking) |
Gibson et al. 200764 |
| Ghent parental behavior scale: Positive parenting behavior (positive involvement) |
Moens et al. 200765 |
| Parenting dimensions: Warmth (6 items from the child rearing questionnaire) Control (5 items for the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth) Irritability (4 items from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth) |
Wake et al. 200766 |
| Parenting style scale (measure unknown): Authoritative parenting Authoritarian parenting Permissive parenting |
Humenikova & Gates 200867 |
| Revised parental behavior inventory: Acceptance versus rejection (warmth) Psychological control versus psychological autonomy (psychological control) Firm control versus lax control (behavioral control) |
Zeller et al. 200868 |
| ‘Parents and children’: Warmth and support Psychological pressure Demands and control |
Lohaus et al. 200969 |
| Measure unknown: Familial and parental acceptance Parental control or monitoring |
Fuemmeler et al. 201270 |
Note: This table is based on Sleddens et al.71 review and an update.